Chapter 5: Motor Development

Identify a true statement about a person performing a closed skill.

The individual performing the skill is self-paced.

Which of the following occurs in the cognitive stage of learning?

A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity.

Identify a performance characteristic of learners during the associative stage of learning.

A learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill.

Identify a performance characteristic associated with skill learning as identified by Magill and Anderson.

Adaptability

In the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned?

By helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action

Identify the activities that involve manipulative skills. (Check all that apply.)

Catching Striking Throwing

Catching: Striking: Kicking:

Catching: It involves the use of hands to stop and gain control of an object. Striking: It involves using a body part to apply force to a stationary object. Kicking:It involves imparting force to an object by the foot and the leg.

True or false: According to the hourglass model, sand enters an hourglass from two containers, where the environment container has a lid and the heredity container has no lid.

False

True or false: External motivation is more conducive to positive learning and performance and sustained participation than internal motivation.

False

What should a teacher do when a plateau occurs in an individual's performance?

He or she should be cognizant of the conditions under which a learner makes little or no apparent progress in the activity.

In the context of the four components of the information processing model, identify a true statement about input.

In this component, visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain.

Internal motives: External motives:

Internal motives: Motives such as the desire to develop one's body, to have fun, or to test one's limits External motives: Motives such as the desire to win awards, to appease parental pressures for participation, or to win money

Intrinsic feedback example: Extrinsic feedback example:

Intrinsic feedback example: Information from the outcome of scoring on a foul shot in basketball Extrinsic feedback example: Information from a video

According to research, which of the following is true of reinforcement?

It is more effective when given immediately after a response than when it is delayed.

In the context of the four components of the information processing model, which of the following statements is true of input?

It is the process of obtaining information from the environment.

Identify a characteristic of bending

It may be done in several directions.

Identify a necessary condition for swinging movements.

It should be continuous, rhythmical, and free flowing.

Identify the locomotor skills commonly seen in elementary school children. (Check all that apply.)

Jumping Running Walking

Identify the reasons for the occurrence of plateaus in an individual's performance. (Check all that apply.)

Lack of motivation Loss of interest

Leaping: Skipping: Sliding:

Leaping: It is a long step forward to cover distance or to go over an obstacle. Skipping: t is a combination of a step and hop, with feet alternating after each step-hop. Sliding: It is a sideways movement in which the weight of the body is shifted in the direction of the movement.

_____ refers to a condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal.

Motivation

Which of the following is a characteristic of the initial stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired?

Movements comprising a skill exhibiting improper sequencing of parts of the skill

_____ are skills that are performed in a variable, unpredictable environment.

Open skills

_____ in children is the development of the necessary strength, flexibility, and endurance, as well as development of the various organ systems, to such a degree that children can control their bodies in exercise activities.

Physiological readiness

Positive reinforcement:_____ Negative reinforcement:_____

Positive reinforcement: It is given following a desired response. Negative reinforcement: It is withheld following a desired response.

_____ refers to the belief that one's feeling or attitude toward learning a particular skill will affect one's acquisition of that particular skill.

Psychological readiness

_____ is using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring.

Reinforcement

Which of the following individuals is in the cognitive stage of learning?

Sarah is asked to watch a game of soccer familiarize herself with the game before she begins coaching.

Which of the following would be considered a locomotor skill?

Sliding

Which of the following would be considered a manipulative skill?

Striking

Identify a true statement about a person performing an open skill.

The performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to the ever-changing environment.

What happens in the emerging elementary stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired?

The spatial and temporal elements of movements are better synchronized when compared with the initial stage.

Identify a characteristic of the initial stage of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired.

There is little body rotation or sometimes exaggerated use of the body.

Identify a characteristic of manipulative skills.

They involve the propulsion and control of objects.

True or false: According to the dynamical systems model, characteristics of individual, environment, and task interact to influence movement.

True

True or false: In the context of the factors influencing learning, random reinforcement tends to be more effective than continual reinforcement.

True

True or false: The study of motivation focuses on the causes of behavior, specifically those factors that influence the initiation, maintenance, and intensity of behavior.

True

Which of the following would be considered a nonlocomotor skill?

Twisting

In the _____ stage of learning, the basics of a skill have been learned and a learner concentrates on refining a skill.

associative

The _____ stage of learning is reached after much practice where a learner can perform a skill consistently with few errors.

autonomous

In the context of fundamental motor movements, _____ is a movement occurring at the joints of the body in which body parts are brought closer together.

bending

Skills performed in a predictable, stable environment are called _____.

closed skills

Gary, a university student, has never played baseball in his life. He joins a baseball coaching camp to learn the game and is asked to observe a student's demonstration on how to swing the bat. Based on the above information, Gary is in the _____ stage of learning.

cognitive

According to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning is the _____.

cognitive stage

The proficient stage of the developmental sequences approach is marked by _____.

enhanced coordination

The ability of an individual to modify a skill to adapt to changing demands in the environment is termed as _____.

generalizability

In the context of motor learning, instructors help learners understand the task to be learned by _____.

giving succinct, accurate instructions in conjunction with other techniques such as demonstrations

Gallahue developed and continues to refine the _____ to illustrate how development is a continued process.

hourglass model

Teachers help learners become wise decision makers by _____.

instructing learners on how to use the available feedback

The skills in which the body moves through space are called _____.

locomotor skills

The _____ marked the beginning of the growth of motor development as an area of study within physical education.

maturational period

As a skill is learned, an individual becomes _____.

more adept at adapting the skill to changing conditions

Derek, a manager at Newsay Publishers, gives harsh feedback to his subordinates who do not perform well on their projects. His subordinates are belittled by him till their performance improves to the standards that he wants. Once the standards are achieved, Derek discontinues this behavior. In the context of this scenario, Derek is most likely using _____.

negative reinforcement

In the context of fundamental motor skills, _____ skills are typically done from a relatively stationary position, using a stable base of support.

nonlocomotor

In the context of motor learning, _____ occurs when a previous experience or skill aids in the learning of a new skill.

positive transfer

The _____ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the mechanically efficient performance of the skill.

proficient stage

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, _____ is a forceful action designed to decrease the distance between the body and an object.

pulling

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, _____ is a forceful action directed toward increasing the distance between the body and an object.

pushing

During the maturational period, early researchers focused on the _____.

sequences of motor development in young children

In the context of nonlocomotor movements, a _____ is a circular or pendular movement of a body part or of the entire body around a stationary center point.

swing

The influence of a previously learned skill on the learning or performance of a new skill is called _____.

transfer of learning

In the context of fundamental motor movements, _____ is a rotation of the body or a body part around its axis while maintaining a fixed base of support.

twisting

The range of a twisting movement is determined by the _____.

type of joint

The effectiveness of a pull can be enhanced by _____.

widening the base of support

How does feedback influence an individual?

It can be used to provide input for making ongoing adjustments in performance.

Identify a necessary condition to promote the learning of motor skills and improvement of performance.

Practice sessions should be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning.

Which of the following is true about the autonomous stage of learning?

The learner can perform a skill without consciously thinking about it at all.

The effectiveness of a push is enhanced by _____.

proper body position

Intrinsic feedback: Extrinsic feedback:

Intrinsic feedback: The source of information is the outcome of a task or skill itself. Extrinsic feedback: Information is from external sources such as an instructor or a friend.

Positive reinforcement example: Negative reinforcement example:

Positive reinforcement: Providing encouragement, praise, commendation, or a pat on the back following successful execution of a skill. Negative reinforcement: Belittling an individual's unsuccessful effort to perform a skill and discontinuing this behavior when the individual successfully executes the skill.

How should practice sessions be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning?

Practices should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting.

Which of the following stages of the developmental sequences approach to understanding how fundamental motor skills are acquired reflects the time needed to develop different aspects of a skill being learned?

The emerging elementary stage