Chapter 5 Psychology

Theories on why all animals need sleep

1) From an evolutionary persepective, that animals need to protect themselves at night 2) Sleep is a way to conserve energy 3) Sleep is restorative 4) The role of sleep in brain plasticity

Rank the Levels of Awareness

1) Higher-Level Consciousness 2) Lower-Level Consciousness 3) Altered States of Consciousness 4) Subconscious Awareness 5) No Awareness

What percentages of a normal night's sleep do these stages occur?

60% in a light sleep (Stages 1 and 2) 20% in Delta or deep sleep (Stages 3 and 4) 20% in REM Sleep (Stage 5)

Alcoholism

A disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships. About 18 million people in the U.S. are alcoholics.

Nightmare

A frightening dream that awakens a dreamer from REM Sleep; most people have had them, especially as young children. Commonly involves danger- the dreamer is chased, robbed, or thrown off a cliff

Sleep

A natural state of rest for the body and mind that involves the reversible loss of consciousness

Sleep Apnea

A sleep disorder in which individuals stop breathing because the windpipe fails to open or because the brain processes involved in respiration fail to work properly. It is common mostly in infants and adults over the age of 65, men, and those who are obese. Sleep apnea may be a factor is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A small brain structure that uses input from the retina to synchronize its own rhythm with the daily cycle of light and dark; the body's way of monitoring the change from day to night

Unconsious Thought

According to Freud, a reservior of unaccptable wishes, feelings, and thougths that are beyond conscious awareness

Manifest Content

According to Freud, the surface content of a dream, containing dream symbols that disguise the dream's true meaning

Latent Content

According to Frued, a dream's hidden content; its unconscious and true meaning

Stage 5 ofREM Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement)

An active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs

Hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is usually receptive to suggestions

Consciousness

An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal

Why do people use psychoactive drugs?

As a way to deal with life's difficulties, reduce tension, relieve boredom and stress, and help people escape harsh realities

Alpha Waves

Associated with relaxation or drowsiness; when we are relaxed but still awake, our brain waves slow down, increase in amplitude, and become more synchronous (regular)

How long does REM Sleep last during a cycle?

At the beginning of a night's sleep, it lasts about 10 minutes, but the final REM Stage might continue for as long as an hour

What are the 2 parts of Lower-Level Awareness?

Automatic Processes and Daydreaming

What are the 2 parts of Consciousness?

Awareness and Arousal

Why are Stages 1 - 4 considered Non-REM sleep?

Because there is little dreaming and lack of rapid eye movement

What can help prevent Jet-Lag?

Being outside and seeing natural sunlight, a small dosage of melatonin

Wakefulness Stages of Sleep EEG patterns exhibit what 2 types of waves?

Beta and Alpha

Altered States of Consciousness

Can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation (Examples: Feeling the effects of having taken alcohol or drugs; undergoing hypnosis to quit smoking or to lose weight)

Subconscious Awareness

Can occur when people are awake, as well as when they are sleepong and dreaming (Examples: Sleeping and dreaming)

Stage 1 Sleep

Characterized by drowsy sleep. In this stage, the person may experience sudden muscle movements called "myoclonic jerks" (if you're fighting to stay awake, might notice your head jerking forward) or the sudden feeling of falling

Circadian Rhythms

Daily behavioral or physiological cycles that involve the sleep/wake cycle, body temperature, blood pressure, and blood sugar level

What kind of sleep is our deepest sleep?

Delta Sleep (Stages 3 and 4), the time when our brain waves are least like our brain waves while we're awake. It is most difficult to be woken from (this is when bed wetting, sleepwalking, and sleep talking occur)

What kind of EEG waves are shown in Stages 3 and 4?

Delta Waves (sometimes these stages are known as Delta Sleep) Stage 3 usually catagorized by Delta Waves occuring less than 50% of the time, and Stage 4 usually catagorized by Delta Waves occuring more than 50% of the time

Unconscious Wish Fulfillment (Freud)

Dreams represent unconscious wishes and hold symbolic meaning

Tranquilizers

Drug Classification: Depressant Medical Use: Anxiety reduction Short-Term Effects: Relaxation, slowed behavior Overdose Effects: Breathing diffulty, coma, possibly death Health Risks: Accidents, coma, possible death Risk of Physical Dependence: Low to moderate Risk Of Psycholical Dependence: Moderate

Opiates (Narcotics)

Drug Classification: Depressant Medical Use: Pain relief Short-Term Effects: Euphoric feelings, drowsiness, nasua Overdose Effects: Convulsions, coma, possible death Health Risks: Accidents and infectious diseases such as AIDS Risk of Physical Dependence: High Risk of Psycholical Dependence: Moderate to high Opium and its derivatives; narcotic drugs that depress the central nervous system activity and eliminate pain. Heavy painkillers such as morphine and heroin leave a person feeling euphoric adn pain-free and has increases appetite for food and sexual drive. Opiates are highly addictive.

Barbiturates

Drug Classification: Depressant Medical Use: Sleeping pills Short-Term Effects: Relaxation, sleep Overdose Effects: Breathing difficulty, coma, possibly death Health Risks: Accidents, coma, possible death Risk of Physical/Psycholical Dependence: moderate to high Depressant drugs, such as Nembutal and Seconal, that decrease central nervous system activity. In heavy dosages, they can lead to impaired memory and decision making. When combined with alcohol, barbiturates can be lethal. They are the drug most common in suicide attempts, and abrupt withdrawls can cause seizures.

Alcohol

Drug Classification: Depressant Medical Uses: Pain Relief Short-Term Effects: Relaxation, depressed brain activity, slowed brain behvior, reduced inhibitions Overdose Effects: Disorientation, loss of consciousness, even death at high blood-alcohol levels Health Risks: Accidents, brain damage, liver disease, heart disease, ulcers, bith defects Risk of Physical/Psycholical Dependence: moderate Acts on the body as a depressant and slows down the brain's activities. Alcohol has a powerful impact throughout the body, it affects everything from the operation of the nervous, circulatory, and digestive systems to sensation, perception, motor coordination, and intellectual functioning

LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide)

Drug Classification: Hallucinogen Medical Use: None Short-Term Effects: Strong hallucinations, distorted time perception Overdose Effects: Severe mental disturbance, loss of contact with reality Health Risks: Accidents Risk of Physical Dependence: None Risk of Psycholical Dependence: Low

Marijuana

Drug Classification: Hallucinogens Medical Use: Treatment of the eye disorder glaucoma Short-Term Effects: Euphoric feelings, relaxation, mild hallucinations, time distortion, attention and memory impairment Overdose Effects: Fatigue, disoriented behavior Health Risks: Accidents, respiratory disease Risk of Physical Dependence: Very low Risk of Psycholical Dependence: Moderate Dried leaves from the Cannabis Sativa plant, the active ingredient being THC. Marijuana smoke is more damaging to the lungs than tabacco smoke. It is the most widely used drug used by high school students.

Cocaine

Drug Classification: Stimulant Medical Use: Local Anesthetic Short-Term Effects: Increased alertness, excitability, euphoric feelings; decreased fatigue, irritability Overdose Effects: Extreme irritability, feeling of persecution, convulsions, cardiac arrest, possible death Health Risks: Insonmia, hypertension, malnutrition, possible death Risk of Physical Dependence: Possible Risk of Psycholical Dependence: Moderate (oral) to very high (injected or snorted) An illegal drug that comes from the coca plant, is either snorted or injected in the form of crystals or powder. Cocaine floods the bloodstream rapidly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that last for about 15-30 minutes.

Caffeine

Drug Classification: Stimulant Medical Use: None Short-Term Effects: Alertness and sense of well-being followed by fatigue Overdose Effects: Nervousness, anxiety, disturbed sleep Health Risks: Possible cardiovascular problems Risk of Physical/Psycholical Dependence: Moderate The world's most widely used psychoactive drug. Caffeine is a stimulant that affects the brain's pleasure centers, so it is hard to kick the caffeine habit.

MDMA (Ecstasy)

Drug Classification: Stimulant Medical Use: None Short-Term Effects: Mild amphetamine and hallucinogenic effects; high body temperature and dehydration; sense of well-being and social connectedness Overdose Effects: Brain damage, especially in memory and thinking Health Risks: Cardiovascular problems; death Risk of Physical Dependence: Possible Psycholical Dependence: Moderate

Nicotine

Drug Classification: Stimulant Medical Use: None Short-Term Effects: Stimulation, stress reduction, followed by fatigue, anger Overdose Effects: Nervousness, disturbed sleep Health Risks: Cancer and cardio-vascular disease Risk of Physical/Psycholical Dependence: Hight The main psychoactive ingrediant in all forms of smoking and smokeless tabacco. Behavioral effects of nicotine include improved attention and alertness, reduced anger and anxiety, and pain relief.

Amphetamines (Uppers)

Drug Classification: Stimulant Medical Use: Weight control Short-Term Effects: Increased alertness, excitability; decreased fatigue, irritability Overdose Effects: Extreme irritability, feelings of persecution, convulsions Health Risks: Insomnia, hypertension, malnutrition, possible death Risk of Physical Dependence: Possible Risk of Psycholical Dependence: Moderate to high This drug increases the release of dopamine, which enhances the user's activity level and pleasurable feelings. Crystal Methamphetamine smoked, injected, or swallowed, is a syntheitc stimulant that causes powerful feelings of euphoria.

Psychoactive Drugs

Drugs that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perception, and change mood

When are strokes and asthma attacks most common?

During the night and early morning

Addiction

Either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug

What does EEG mean?

Electroencephalograph

What is a key aspect of Controlled Processing?

Executive Function

Night Terror

Features sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear; they occur duing Stage 4 of sleep. Side effects may include rapid heart rate, heavy breathing, loud screams, sweating, and movement

No Awareness

Frued's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them (Examples: Having unconscious thoughts; being knocked out by a blow or anesthetized)

What Level of Awareness is Controlled Processing?

Higher-Level Consciousness

Executive Function

Higher-order, complex cognitive processes, including thinking, planning, and problem solving

Divided Consciousness View of Hypnosis

Hilgard's view that hypnosis involves a splitting of consciousness into two seperate components, one that follows the hypnotist's commands and the other that acts as a "hidden observer"

Lower-Level Consciousness

Includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as daydreaming (Examples: Punching in a number on a cell phone; typing on a keyboard when one is an expert; gazing at a sunset)

Awareness

Includes awareness of the self and thoughts about one's experience

How does depression affect sleeping?

Individuals with depression often wake up during the early hours of the day and cannot get back to sleep, and they often spend less time in deep sleep (Stages 3 and 4) than individuals who are not depressed

Theory of Mind

Individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences

Nuerons that control sleep interact closely with the immune system, what effects does this have?

Infectious diseases make us sleepy

Higher-Level Consciousness

Involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal; the most alert state of consciousness (Examples: doing a math problem, preparing for a debate)

What is the EEG pattern for REM Sleep?

It shows fast waves similar to those relaxed wakefulness, and sleepers eyeballs move in all directions

When are you most likely to wake up during a night's sleep?

Just after a REM Sleep period

Daydreaming

Lies between active consciousness and dreaming while asleep; are usually spontanious when we are doing something that requires less than our full attention

Altered States of Consciousness syptoms

Losing one's sense of self-consciousness Hallucinating Can be produced by trauma, fever, fatigue, sensory deprivation, meditation, hypnosis, drugs, and psychological disorders

During what time of a night's sleep does most REM Sleep take place?

Most REM Sleep takes place toward the end of a night's sleep where REM Sleep becomes progressively longer REM Sleep at the beginning of a cycle can

Stage 2 Sleep

Muscle activity decreases, the person is no longer consciously aware of the environment.

Lack of sleep is related to health problems such as what?

Obesity and Heart Disease

About how long is a sleep cycle?

One cycle of sleep lasts about 90-100 minutes and reoccurs several times during the night

Biological Rhythms

Periodic physical fluctuations in the body, such as the rise and fall of hormones and accelerated and decelerated cycles of brain activity, that can influence behavior

Hallucinogens

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real

Depressants

Psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity

Stimulants

Psychoactive drugs- including caffine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine- that increase the central nervous system's activity

When awoken from what stage of sleep are people most likely to remember their dream?

REM Sleep. Dreams during REM sleep are typically longer, more vivid, and more emotional than non-REM Sleep dreams

Caffeinism

Refers to an overindulgence in caffeine. It is characterized by mood changes, anxiety, and sleep disruption. Common symptoms include insomnia, irritability, headaches, ringing ears, dry mouth, increased blood pressure, and digestive problems

Incubation

Refers to the subconscious processing that leads to a solution to a problem after a break form conscious thought about the problem

Beta Waves

Reflect concentration and alertness; the highest waves in frequency and lowest in amplitude. They are also more desynchronous than other waves, meaning they don't form a very consistant pattern

What are the 3 important neurotransmitters involved in sleep?

Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Acetylcholine

What can happen when people awaken from Stages 1 and 2 of sleep?

Since they are such light stages of sleep, they can often report of not having been asleep at all

Sleepwalking

Somnambulism (the formal term) occurs during the deepest stages of sleep. Takes place within Stages 3 and 4 of sleep, usually early in the night when the person is unlikely to be dreaming

Sleep Talking

Somniloquy (the formal term)

Automatic Processes

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere wiht other ongoing activities

Stream of Consciousness

Term used by William James to describe the mind as a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings

During what time in the night is deep sleep much more common?

The amount of deep sleep (Stages 3 and 4) is much greater in the first half of the night's sleep than the second half

Meditation

The attainment of a peaceful state of mind in which thoughts are not occupied by worried; the meditator is mindfully present to his or her thoughts and feelings but is not consumed by them

Insomnia

The inability to sleep. Can involve a problem falling asleep, waking up during the night, or waking up too early. In the U.S., 1 in 5 adults have Insomnia. It's most common amongst women and older adults, as well as those who are thin, stressed, or depressed

Controlled Processes

The most alert states of human consciousness, during which individuals actively focus their efforts toward a goal

Tolerance

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect

Social Cognitive Behavior View of Hypnosis

The perspective that hynosis is a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes that a hypnotized person should behave

Physical Dependence

The physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawl symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when is is discontinued

Arousal

The physiological state of being engaged with the environment

Psychological Dependence

The strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress

Narcolepsy

The sudden, overpowering urge to sleep. The urge is so uncontrollable that the person may fall asleep while talking or standing up. Narcoleptics immediately enter REM sleep rather than progressing through the first 4 stages. Narcolepsy can be triggered by extreme emotional reactions such as surprise, laughter, excitement, or anger. This disorder appears to involve problems with the hypothalamus and amygdala. Individuals with narcolepsy usually are tired throughout the day and don't suffer from it until adulthood

Cognitive Theory of Dreaming

Theory proposing that dreaming can be understood by applying the same cognitive concepts used to study the waking mind

Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreaming

Theory that dreaming occurs when the cerebral cortex synthesizes nueral signals generated from activity in the lower part of the brain and that dreams result from the brain's attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep

What kind of EEG waves are shown in Stage 2?

Theta Waves (Different from Stage 1 Theta Waves; they increase in wave frequency)

What kind of EEG waves are shown in Stage 1?

Theta Waves (slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than Alpha Waves)

Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI)

This disorder, caused by genetic mutation, involves a progressively inability to sleep. Over time, they person sleeps less, becomes agitated, engages in strange motor movements, and is confused. The person may hallucinate and enact dreams. FFI has no known cure and can lead to death about 18 months after symptoms appear.

Effects on Sleep Deprivation

Trouble paying attention, trouble solving problems, can reduce the ability to make healthy choices

Binge Drinking

Typically occurs within the first 2 years of college, and it can take its toll on students

What factors of alcohol cause its effect to vary from person to person?

Variation in body weight, the amount of alcohol consumed, differences in the way individuals metabolize alcohol, and an individual's tolerance. Women are more likely to be strongly affected by alcohol than men.

Alcohol's Effects on the Body

Vision is blurred Speech is imapaired Sensation and perceptions are diminished Inhibitions, judgment, and intellectual functions are impaired Motor coordination and reflexes are impaired Balance is disturbed Blood flow to the skin increases, causing loss of body heat, flushing, and sweating Heart rate and blood pressure increase Liver breaks down .5-1 ounce of alcohol hourly Excess alcohol in the stomach causes vomiting Urine output increases in kidneys; more urine passes through the body than is typical Eventually the drinker falls asleep, and with extreme intoxication, the person may lapse into a coma and die

What is the point of an EEG

We can differentiate the 5 different stages of sleep by the various wave patterns

Desynchronization of the Biological Clock

When the body is thrown off of its regular schedule; jet lag, changing work shifts, and insomnia