Chapter 5 Public Speaking 0105

Types of Speaking:

Briefings Teaching Lectures Speeches

Methods of Presentation

Memorizing for short messages, but not usually recommended Manuscript written speech used when sharing detailed or technical information Impromptu delivering a talk without any preparation Extemporaneous (prepared) carefully planned and practiced; delivered using a well-constructed outline

Manuscript Reading

Reading a talk from a manuscript allows for planning the exact words and phrases to use. However, the disadvantages of this method of presentation far outweigh the advantages. Preparing the manuscript: Keep wording simple, clear, and vivid. Keep sentences short and ideas simple. Keep transitions between thoughts/ideas clear. Use repetition to emphasize main ideas and key points. Use personal pronouns such as I, we, our, us, and you. Use concrete language where possible; give specific examples Use as large a font size as possible to enhance visibility. Double or triple space for visual clarity. Use only one side of the paper. Mark manuscript with auditory pauses and words with emphasis. Mark places where visual aids are to be used. Use short paragraphs to help keep your place.

Memorizing

Speaking from memory is the poorest method of delivering talks, and it should be used very sparingly. This method also requires an inordinate amount of preparation, and the danger of forgetting important information is ever present.

Impromptu

Speaking impromptu requires a tremendous amount of skill and knowledge. But this method should be used only by experienced speakers who are saturated with their subjects and who have the ability to organize their thoughts for learning as they speak.

Delivery Skills:Eye Contact

Your eye contact should be direct and impartial, conveying to the listeners that you're eager to have them understand the ideas you're presenting.

briefings

are concise and factual.

Extemporaneous/Prepared

extemporaneous speaking, produces the most fruitful results when it is based upon full preparation and adequate practice. The talk is carefully planned and outlined in detail. The speaker's only guide is usually a well-constructed outline. the extemporaneous method will permit the speaker to adhere to the two vital needs of effective speaking: adequate preparation and a lively sense of communication.

briefings major purpose is to

inform - tell about a mission, operation, or concept. At times they also direct—enable listeners to perform a procedure or carry out instructions. At other times they advocate or persuade—support a certain solution and lead listeners to accept that solution. Every good briefing has the virtues of accuracy, brevity, and clarity. These are the ABCs of the briefing. Accuracy and clarity characterize all good speaking, but brevity distinguishes the briefing from other types of speaking. By definition, a briefing is brief, concise, and direct.

Teaching Lectures

the primary purpose of a teaching lecture is to teach or to inform students about a given subject. Teaching lectures can be divided into the following types: (1) formal lectures, where the communication is generally one-sided with no verbal participation by the students, and (2) informal lectures, usually presented to smaller audiences and allowing for interaction between the instructor and students.

Preparing for the Extemporaneous Briefing

when you're conducting work center training, section presentations, commander's calls, mission briefings to guests, or weekly section meetings.Using the prepared presentation method works in formal settings and when conducting your shop meetings, but there's a little more to it than throwing an outline together, here are things to consider when making this kind of speech. Support Once you determine the purpose, select your topic and objective, analyze the audience, and define your parameters, When determining the type of support you'll need for your presentation, know how much time you have to deliver the presentation and who will make up your audience. Depending on your topic, you may need proof support in the form of statistics or testimony, or clarification support in the form of definitions, examples, or comparisons. Clarification- support helps paint a clearer picture of your concept. Proof- support provides evidence to help persuade someone of what you're saying. Definitions keep everyone on the same page in the way of word-usage and meaning, and facts will help bring meaning to your briefing. visual support- in the form of PowerPoint, maps, etc. if it's appropriate Integrating sources- means that the source is directly placed in the speech. Qualifying sources-is a method used to indicate the qualification of your source; thus verifying the source's credibility.

Use of Voice: 3 types

A good speaking voice is reasonably pleasant, easily understood, and expresses differences in meaning. Technically, we might label these three properties as quality, intelligibility, and variety. Quality refers to the overall impression a voice makes on others. Listeners can often tell from the voice if the speaker is happy, angry, sad, fearful, or confident. Intelligibility or understandability of your speech depends on several factors. 1. Articulation refers to the precision and clarity with which sounds of speech are uttered. 2. Pronunciation refers to the traditional or customary utterance of words. 3. Vocalized pause is the name we give to syllables ―a,‖ ―uh,‖ ―um,‖ and ―ah‖ often at the beginning of a sentence. 4. Overuse of stock expressions such as ―OK,‖ ―like,‖ and ―you know‖ should be avoided. 5. Substandard grammar has no place in speaking. Variety is the spice of speaking. Listeners tire rapidly when listening to a speaker who doesn't vary delivery style or a speaker who has a monotonous voice

Constructing a Keyword Outline

A keyword outline should be divided into three main parts: introduction, body, and conclusion. Your introduction should also include stating the purpose of your briefing (to inform, direct, inspire, or persuade). Body Determine the flow of your message by selecting a pattern of organization that will create an effective briefing (chronological, reason, geographical, etc.). Intentionally link ideas together to support your briefing's purpose or objective. Remember to use full transitions (restate, relate, introduce) between your main points. Closing When providing a closing for your speech, be sure to clearly summarize your main points.

Speeches

A speech generally has one of three basic purposes: to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. The informative speech is a narration concerning a specific topic but does not involve a sustained effort to teach. The persuasive speech is designed to move an audience to belief or action on some topic, product, or other matter. The entertaining speech gives enjoyment to the audience. The speaker often relies on humor and vivid language as a primary means of entertaining the listeners.

Delivery Skills: Gestures

Gestures may be used to clarify or emphasize ideas. By gestures we mean the purposeful use of the hands, arms, shoulders, and head to reinforce what is being said.

Delivery Skills: Body movement

Good body movement is important because it catches the eye of the listener. It helps to hold the attention needed for good communication. Effective body movement can be described as free and purposeful