Chapter 5 Quiz
________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student
Which letters correspond to the four elements of modeling from Bandura's theory?
AMID
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. The work of what psychologist is most relevant to their discussions?
Bandura
Observational learning theory's foremost proponent is ________.
Bandura
Bill hates to clean up after dinner. One night, he volunteers to bathe the dog before cleaning up. When he finishes with the dog and returns to the kitchen, his wife has cleaned everything up for him. Which of the following statements is most likely true?
Bill's wife has negatively reinforced him for bathing the dog.
An important example of conditioned taste aversions might be ________.
Both of these are examples of taste aversions.
For years, parents have wondered whether physical discipline of their children (spanking, for example) was an effective and acceptable practice. What findings from many research studies have promoted the idea that spanking a child may be a bad idea?
Children who were spanked at the age of 3 showed more aggressive tendencies by the age of 5.
What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?
Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
Why does fear caused by punishment make the punishment ineffective in changing behavior?
Fear interferes with the child's ability to learn from the punishment.
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the research of ________ to accomplish this.
Garcia
Which learning theorist is responsible for the discovery of conditioned taste aversions?
Garcia
Cheryl is trying to teach her son to do the laundry by watching her. According to observational learning theory, to be effective what must occur?
Her son must be motivated to learn how to do the laundry.
Which of the following statements is true about behavior modification?
It involves the process of shaping.
Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?
Khler
________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
Learning
Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?
Learning is another word for "maturation."
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older?
Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw in his father.
Olivia is punished for spilling her cereal. Her parents give her a spanking and send her to her room where she cries. Later, her puppy makes a mess on the floor. Olivia kicks her puppy and puts it out in the yard where it whines sadly. Which of the following statements explains her behavior toward the puppy?
Olivia is modeling the aggressive behavior her parents demonstrated to her.
Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?
Partial reinforcement leads to behaviors that will persist longer than behavior learned through continuous reinforcement.
The researcher responsible for discovering classical conditioning was ________.
Pavlov
An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider?
Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.
Which theorist proposed the cognitive perspective that explains that classical conditioning occurs because of expectancy?
Rescorla
Which of the following is true of research on insight?
Researchers have found support for the existence of both human and animal insight learning.
The person most closely associated with research on learned helplessness is ________.
Seligman
What could John Watson have done to eliminate Little Albert's conditioned fear?
Show Albert a rat many times without a loud noise following so that extinction would occur.
Which of the following events most intrigued Pavlov and led to his discoveries?
The dogs started to salivate when they saw Pavlov's assistant and before they got the food.
Mark and Kathy take their 2-year-old son to the supermarket every Saturday. Each week, the same sequence of events unfolds: Their son screams, demanding that they buy him treats. Although they refuse to give in to his demands, he continues to scream. Finally, either Mark or Kathy gets in their son's face and yells at the top of their lungs "Shut up!" He stops screaming instantly. What operant conditioning concepts are illustrated in this story?
The parents are using punishment to suppress the screaming; their use of punishment is negatively reinforced by the cessation of screaming.
Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate?
The sound is the CS.
How did the research of Taylor, Manganello, Lee, and Rice (2010) differ substantially from those who had come before in the exploration of the impact of spanking on children?
This research controlled for other maternal risk factors, such as neglect and drug use.
The person MOST closely associated with the Law of Effect is ________.
Thorndike
Who was one of the first researchers to explore and outline the laws of voluntary responses?
Thorndike
"If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated. If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________.
Thorndike's Law of Effect
The concept of latent learning was developed by ________.
Tolman
In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following components "elicits" a response?
UCS
A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________.
a cue
Which of the following is NOT an example of operant behavior?
a dog blinking its eyes after a flash of light is presented
Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
a fixed-ratio schedule
Thorndike was known for his work with ________.
a puzzle box
An example of a discriminative stimulus might be ________.
a stop sign
What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?
a white rat
In Pavlov's classic experiments, the repeated presentations of the metronome along with the food formed the ________ step of the classical conditioning process.
acquisition
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as ________.
an unconditioned response
Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________.
based on classical conditioning
A school issues tokens to the children for good behavior. This issue of a token is an example of ________.
behavior modification
For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen EXCEPT ______.
being reinforced for imitating the model
An operant conditioning technique in which a learner gains conscious control over his or her own biological response is ________.
biofeedback
Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called ________.
biological preparedness
Conditioned taste aversions are an example of something called __________.
biological preparedness
Neurofeedback, a newer type of biofeedback, involves trying to change ________.
brain wave activity
Skinner was to rats as Thorndike was to ________.
cats
As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of ________.
classical conditioning
Every time Maricella goes to work in the morning, she notices that her dog sulks in the corner of the room and looks very sad. Over several weeks, she notices that the dog gets unhappy when she picks up her car keys, immediately before leaving the house. Which phenomenon of learning best describes the dog's behavior?
classical conditioning
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________.
classical conditioning
Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a(n) ________ response.
conditioned emotional
The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?
conditioned emotional response
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of the dogs, and they began to salivate. Pavlov's student noticed that after a few days the dogs began to salivate at the sound of the student's footsteps. The salivation to the sound of the footsteps was a ________.
conditioned response
The abbreviation CR stands for ________.
conditioned response
John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind his head by striking a steel bar with a hammer. The white rat served as the ________ in his study.
conditioned stimulus
Sue noticed that whenever she opened the door to the pantry, her dog would come into the kitchen and act hungry, by drooling and whining. She thought that because the dog food was stored in the pantry, the sound of the door had become a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
The abbreviation CS stands for ________.
conditioned stimulus
Imagine that you flinch after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning is followed by thunder, which scared you. In this scenario, lightning can be interpreted as being a(n):
conditioned stimulus.
A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn to not eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of _________ to accomplish this.
conditioned taste aversions
Last month, Walter became sick after eating two chili dogs, so he no longer likes chili dogs. Walter has experienced ____________.
conditioned taste-aversion
Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?
conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure
You walk up to a soda machine and put in a dollar, and are rewarded with a bottle of root beer. When you put in another dollar, you get another soda. Assuming that the machine has a limitless supply of root beer, which kind of reinforcement schedule does this machine operate on?
continuous reinforcement
Seligman expanded his theory of learned helplessness to explain __________.
depression
A young boy is watching TV. In one show he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch. Because this boy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids' lunches at school. According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, his hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor?
desire
Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle's door being open was a ___________ for _______________.
discriminative stimulus; asking questions
Secondary reinforcers differ from primary reinforcers in that secondary reinforcers ________.
do not inherently satisfy physical needs
The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory.
expectancy
After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the metronome, he experimented with sounding the metronome and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the metronome. This represents the process called ________.
extinction
Bob has learned that he can usually get what he wants from his parents if he keeps whining for something. One day Bob starts whining in the toy store because he wants a GI Joe action figure. His father refuses to give it to him and ignores his whining. What will happen?
extinction
When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS, the CR will "die out" in a process called ________.
extinction
Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank. After a while, he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light. In this example, the ________ is the unconditioned stimulus.
fish food
A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
Reinforcement that is given for a response emitted after each hour and half (e.g., 10 a.m., 11:30 a.m., 1 p.m.) in time is most likely to be a ________ schedule.
fixed interval
For every 5 times that you go to the gym each week, you reward yourself with a treat. This best illustrates which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
Getting paid for each basket of apples you gather represents which schedule of reinforcement?
fixed ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate?
fixed ratio
Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people.
food
You spend days wandering aimlessly around a park with many different paths that end at different parts of the park. One day when you arrive at the park, you get a call on your cell phone from your cousin whom you haven't seen for years, and she says she is waiting for you in a particular section of the park. Even though the paths are complicated and twisted, you manage to find the shortest route to your cousin. Tolman would explain your efficient passage through the park as an example of ________.
formation of a cognitive map
Which of the following types of brain imaging techniques does your textbook note can be used for neurofeedback data collection?
functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
The first time José sees a cat, his mother tells him, "That's a cat. Can you say cat?" He repeats the word gleefully, and his mother praises him. The next day, he is watching a cartoon and sees a tiger on the television. He points at the tiger and says, "Cat!" This is an example of ________.
generalization
Pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate at a metronome sound that was paired with a meat stimulus. After the CS-UCS connection was strongly established, Pavlov then presented the dog with several flashes of a light followed by the metronome sound. After a few days, when the light flashes were presented by themselves, the dog salivated. This is an example of ________.
higher-order conditioning
When a strongly conditioned CS is used to make another stimulus into a second CS, the effect is known as ________.
higher-order conditioning
A young child watches her mother make pancakes. She wants to please her mother so she pays attention. However, when she goes to make them on her own, she can't break the eggs for the batter without making a terrible mess and dropping them on the floor, no matter how hard she tries. Her attempt failed because of a problem with which part of the necessary components for observational learning?
imitation
Reinforcement is to punishment as:
increase is to decrease.
John has been working on a math problem late at night without success; he falls asleep. Upon awakening, John suddenly realizes how to answer the problem. This best illustrates which of the following?
insight learning
The "aha!" experience is known as ________.
insight learning
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated ________.
insight learning
There are two kinds of behavior that all organisms are capable of doing. If Inez blinks her eyes because a gnat flies close to them, that's ________. But if she then swats at the gnat, that's _________.
involuntary; voluntary
Learning is said to be a relatively permanent change in behavior because ________.
it is thought that when learning occurs, some part of the brain physically changes
In Bandura's study with the Bobo doll, the children in the group who saw the model punished did not imitate the model at first. They would only imitate the model if given a reward for doing so. The fact that these children had obviously learned the behavior without actually performing it is an example of ________.
latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ________.
latent learning
The idea that learning occurs and is stored up, even when behaviors are not reinforced, is called ________.
latent learning
A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ________.
learned helplessness
College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only half-hearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ______.
learned helplessness
In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ______.
learned helplessness
While watching the evening news, you see a story about domestic abuse and wonder, "Why would anyone stay in a relationship where they are being abused?" According to Seligman, one factor that may contribute to victims staying in abusive relationships is _____________________.
learned helplessness
Ellen, an adult who has an intellectual disability, has just received a "token." Based on this information, it is most reasonable to assume that Ellen ________.
literally has received a token that can be traded for some good or privilege
Which of the following is an example of punishment by removal?
losing telephone privileges for breaking curfew
In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ______.
loud noise
Which strategy will NOT increase the effects of punishment?
making the punishment occur only on a partial, sporadic schedule
Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ________.
maturation
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's avoidance of spiders is being ________.
negatively reinforced, because he is rewarded by his anxiety going down.
A Congressional hearing is taking place in Washington, DC. The representatives are discussing whether the portrayals of violence on children's TV shows are perhaps contributing to the violence we see in schools today. What psychological process are the representatives probably considering as the reason that TV influences school violence?
observational learning
A girl learns that whenever her brother shares his cookie with her, her mother gives him a piece of candy. The girl starts sharing her treats with her friends when they come over in the hopes of getting a similar reward. The girl's learning to share is an example of ________.
observational learning
Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
observational learning
Kelsey just told her family a really funny joke that she made up herself. In order to use a primary reinforcer to encourage her in her joke-telling, Kelsey's dad might ________.
offer her a piece of candy
Any behavior that is voluntary is referred to as a(n) ________.
operant
A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________.
operant conditioning
A child learns that whenever he eats all of his dinner he gets a cookie for dessert. This type of learning is BEST explained by ________.
operant conditioning
The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called ________.
operant conditioning
________ classical conditioning, operant conditioning requires the organism to voluntarily produce the ________.
operant conditioning
What kind of reinforcement is used if Sally's parents give her $10 every time she accumulates six A's on her tests?
partial reinforcement
One might expect that classical conditioning was discovered by a psychologist. However, it was discovered by a ________.
physiologist who was studying digestion
A grandmother gives her grandchild a cookie because the child cleaned her room. What is the cookie in this example?
positive reinforcer
According to Rescorla's theory, the CS must _______ the UCS or conditioning does not occur.
predict
Positive reinforcement is to _______ as negative reinforcement is to _______.
presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli
A ________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
primary
A discriminative stimulus is a stimulus that ________.
provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response?
punishment
A stimulus presented to a person or animal that decreases the probability of a particular response is known as ________.
punishment by application
When a stimulus is removed from a person or animal resulting in a decrease in the probability of response, it is known as ________.
punishment by removal
A child is punished and temporarily stops his or her well-established bad behavior. However, the child soon goes back to acting badly. This is probably because ________.
punishment is known only to temporarily suppress or inhibit a behavior
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a ________ schedule.
ratio
Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again?
regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur
In operant conditioning, ________ is necessary to create the association between the stimulus and the repetition of a voluntary response.
reinforcement
A key element in the use of biofeedback is teaching a person to induce a state of ________ to help gain control over biological functions.
relaxation
A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus ________ the probability of a response.
removed; increases
A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a(n) ________ reinforcer.
secondary; primary
Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been used to help children with autism. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is ________.
shaping
Karawynn Long attempted to toilet train her cat. The principle of learning that was in operation was ________.
shaping
Mary's parents want her to put her books in her bookcase. At first, they praise her for putting the books together in one pile. Then they praise her for getting the books on the same side of the room as the bookcase. When she gets the books on top of the bookcase, she gets praise. Finally, her parents praise her when she puts her books in the bookcase. This is an example of ________.
shaping
Harmony notices that her cat salivates as soon as it hears the sound of Harmony opening a can with an electric can opener. In this example, the ________ is the conditioned stimulus.
sound of the electric can opener
An animal is conditioned to salivate to a metronome using Pavlovian procedures. After the conditioning is established, the animal is then put through an extinction procedure and the conditioned salivation disappears. Then the animal is removed from the test situation for several days. When returned to the test situation, the conditioned response is seen again. The effect is known as ________.
spontaneous recovery
The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ________.
spontaneous recovery
You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
spontaneous recovery
After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. He was studying whether or not ________ had occurred.
stimulus generalization
The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called ________.
stimulus generalization
Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as ________.
stimulus substitution
A reinforcer is a consequence that ________ a behavior, while a punisher is a consequence that ________ a behavior.
strengthens; weakens
A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting the fruit. According to the Brelands' analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating ________.
that it was reverting to behavior that was instinctual for it
Rescorla's modern conceptualization of classical conditioning is based on the idea that ________.
the CS has to provide information about the coming of the UCS
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You sound the metronome and then several minutes later you give the dog a biscuit. You do this several times but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.
the biscuit was given too long after the sound of the metronome
You decide that you are going to condition your dog to salivate to the sound of a metronome. You give the dog a biscuit, and then a second later you sound the metronome. You do this several times, but no conditioning seems to occur. This is probably because ________.
the metronome should have been sounded before the dog ate the biscuit
Some researchers believe that classical conditioning takes place only because:
the pairing of the CS and US provides useful information about the likelihood of occurrence of the US.
When Keller and Marian Breland, two psychologists who became animal trainers, decided that it would be cute to have a pig drop a big wooden coin into a box, they found that _______________.
the pig displayed instinctive drift by dropping the coin and pushing it around with its nose
Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to ________.
the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
In order to get her 3rd grade students to memorize the poem written on the chalkboard, Mrs. Thyberg gives the students stickers for each poem they can recite from memory. After earning 5 stickers, a student gets to pick a prize out of the goody box. Mrs. Thyberg is using a(n) ________ to modify the children's behaviors.
token economy
The abbreviation UCR stands for ________.
unconditioned response
When Pavlov placed meat powder or other food in the mouths of canine subjects, they began to salivate. The salivation was a(n) ________.
unconditioned response
Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an) ________.
unconditioned stimulus
The abbreviation UCS stands for ________.
unconditioned stimulus
Which of the following criteria helps to increase the effectiveness of punishment?
when it immediately follows the undesirable behavior
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a ______.
white rat
The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ________.
will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)