CHAPTER 5 QUIZLET (H. A&P)

Basement Membrane (epithelial tissue)

Anchors tissue to underlying connective tissue. "Glue"

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Appear layered because the nuclei are at different levels Contain CILIA (microscopic hairs) Contain GOBLET CELLS (secrete mucus to protect the cell) Can be found lining passages of respiratory system, mucus is secreted by goblet cells and traps dust and microorganisms that enter in the air

Simple

Single layer (of cells)

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Single layer of cube-shaped cells Spherical shaped, center located nuclei Functions in Secretion (producing some type of liquid) Covers ovaries, lines kidney tubules and gland ducts Found in salivary glands, thyroid, pancreas, and liver HAS LUMEN (what the liquid that is secreted travels through)

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Single layer of thin, flattened cells Broad, thin nuclei Common site of diffusion and filtration Damages easily, fragile Quickly regenerate, go through meiosis quickly Found in alveoli of lungs, walls of capillaries

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Single layer, elongated cells Nuclei is located near the basement membrane Specialize in function of Absorption (bringing things into the cell) Has MICROVILLI (increases surface area) Has GOBLET-CELLS (secrete mucus for protection) Found in the lining of the small intestines

Muscle Tissue type under VOLUNTARY control

Skeletal

Osteocyte (bone Tissue)

(The actual) bone cell (mature) located in lacunae

Connective Tissue- Major Cell Types (2)

1) Fixed Cells 2) Wandering Cells

Muscle Tissues

Able to contract in response to specific stimuli Elongated cells (Muscle Fibers) shorten...columnar cells 3 Different Types: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac

(Function) Connective Tissue

Binds structure: support/framework, protection/immunity, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells ("vascular"), repair tissue damage

SPECIALIZED Connective Tissue (3)

Cartilage, Bone, Blood

What are Platelets (in blood...blood connective tissue)

Cell fragments (or pieces)

(Structure) Connective Tissue

Cells are spaced farther apart compared to epithelial cells Abundance of extracellular-matrix (which fills space between cells)

Dense Connective Tissue

Closely packed, thick collagen and some elastin Very strong Makes up tendons and ligaments, whites of eyeballs

What determines the type of cartilage?

Connective Tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix

Cuboidal

Cube-shaped (cell shape)

Type of Epithelium that forms lumens

Cuboidal (epithelial cells)

Connective Tissue that makes up tendons and ligaments

Dense Connective Tissue

Elastic Cartilage

Dense network of elastic fibers (made of the protein-Elastin) More flexible Found in flexible part of external ear and parts of larynx STAINS PURPLE (only cartilage that is purple)

Holocrine Gland

ENTIRE cell is released during secretion "Messiest" EX: Sebaceous glands of skin (oil production)

What 2 glands classify as part of the Glandular Epithelium

Endocrine Glands Exocrine Glands

4 major types of tissue found in the human body

Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous

Connective tissue fibers are produced by _____________

Fibroblasts

Type of fixed cell that makes fibers by secreting proteins

Fibroblasts

Extracellular Matrix

Fills space between cells (plays role in structure on connective tissue)

Microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of Simple Columnar epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorption.

Blood Plasma

Fluid extracellular matrix

Lamellae (Bone Tissue)

Form around central canal

Loose Connective Tissue (proper)

Forms delicate/fragile, thin membranes Contain fibroblasts that secrete collagen + elastin Fills spaces between muscles Binds the skin to underlying organs (beneath most layers of epithelium, providing those cells with blood/gives blood-supply)

Intercalated Discs

Found in CARDIAC Muscle Tissue Connect cardiac muscle cells Mark the "start"/beginning and the "end" of each cell

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Found in muscles that attach to bones Controlled by conscious effort (only VOLUNTARY muscle tissue) Long, thread-like cells (larger in size) Dark cross-markings called STRIATIONS EACH cell has MANY nuclei

Location of epithelial tissue

Found throughout the body, covers organs, forms inner-lining of body cavities, lines hollow organs

Endocrine and Exocrine glands are part of the ________ epithelium

Glandular

characteristics of epithelial tissue

Lack blood vessels, divide quickly, tightly packed

Mast Cells

Large "Balls of fire" Located near blood vessels Release heparin (prevents blood clots) Release histamine (promotes allergies)

Mucous Membrane

Line body cavities that DO open to the outside of the body GOBLET CELLS secrete MUCUS EX: Mouth, Nasal Passages, Intestines, GI Tract

Serous Membrane

Line body cavities that do NOT open to the outside of the body Cells secrete WATERY SEROUS FLUID... helps to reduce friction EX: Pericardium (surrounds heart)

Synovial Membrane

Lines JOINTS Secrete SYNOVIAL-FLUID

PROPER Connective Tissue (3)

Loose C.T, dense C.T, adipose tissue

Fibrocartilage

MANY collagenous fibers (made of the protein-collagen) Very tough "Shock absorber" Found in the pads between vertebrae, knees, and the pelvic girdle. Protects from joint damage by absorbing shock STAINS DEEP, DARK PINK

Type of wandering cell that clears the body of any foreign particles

Macrophages (histiocytes)

Blood (Connective Tissue)

Made up of FORMED ELEMENTS Easiest to identify Suspended in Blood Plasma (fluid extracellular matrix)

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Many layers, thin, flattened cells Deeper cells divide, pushing older cells outward twords surface (keratinization) Provides good protection, easy to reproduce layers Forms the outer layer of skin, epidermis. Lines oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal.

Type of fixed cell that releases heparin and histamine

Mast cells

Fibroblasts

Most common fixed cell type Star shaped appearance Produce fibers by secreting proteins Play the biggest role in connective tissue

3 types of EXOCRINE glands

Merocrine Gland Apocrine Gland Holocrine Gland

Bone Connective Tissue

Most "rigid" connective tissue Hardness resulting from mineral salts (calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate)...explains why calcium is vital in bone health/development Supports body structure, protects vital organs by "caging" them in, attaches to muscles, contains red marrow

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common Very fine/thin collagenous fibers (made of the protein-collagen) Found at ends of bones, soft "wiggly" part of nose Important in bone growth and development STAINS LIGHT PINK

Wandering cells (2nd major cell type in connective tissue)

Move/WANDER through cell (usually in response to an injury or an infection) Macrophages (histiocytes)

Smooth Muscle Tissue

NO Striations Shorter, spindle shaped cells ONE center located nucleus per cell INVOLUNTARY Found in stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

ONLY found in HEART STRIATED cells ONE nucleus per cell Cells connected with INTERCALATED DISCS INVOLUNTARY

Adipose Tissue is what type of connective tissue?

Proper Connective Tissue

function of epithelial tissue

Protection, secretion, absorption, excretion

Adipose Tissue

Protects, cushions, and insulates Stores energy (fat) Located beneath the skin, between muscles, around kidneys, behind eye balls, surface of heart, and around some joints Nucleus appears pressed up tightly against cell-membrane

Elastic fibers

Protein = elastin Thin, branching fibers Stretch very easily/flexible Weaker than collagenous fibers Make up vocal cords Naturally Yellow fibers STAINS PURPLE

Cartilage

Provides support, structure/frameworks, attachments, protection. Poor blood supply, leads to slow tissue repair Cells are called chondrocytes which lie within Lacunae

The only type of epithelial cell that can change shape

Pseudo-stratified columnar (epithelial tissue)

Bone Tissue heals...

Quickly! (Abundance of blood flow through canaliculi)

formed elements (of blood...blood connective tissue)

Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets (cell fragments)

Merocrine Gland

Release ONLY FLUID through cell-membrane by EXOCYTOSIS (exiting cell) "Cleanest" EX: sweat and salivary glands

Apocrine Gland

Release fluid AND small parts of the cell during secretion EX: mammary glands

Histamine

Released by mast cells Promotes allergies

Heparin

Released by mast cells Prevents blood clots

Cutaneous Membrane

SKIN! Stratified squamous epithelium

Endocrine Glands

Secrete product INTO tissue fluid or blood EX: pituitary and thyroid glands, ovaries

Exocrine Glands

Secrete product ONTO surface EX: sweat and oil glands, mammary gland

What are the types of epithelial membranes

Serous Mucous Cutaneous Synovial

epithelial tissue is classified according to....

Shape and number of layers of cells

Lacunae

Small chambers where chondrocytes (cartilage cells) lie

Canaliculi (Bone Tissue)

Small channel that connects bone cells

Lumen

Space within a tubular structure (ex: blood vessel, intestine) Allows space for liquid being secreted to pass through. Found in simple and stratified cuboidal epithelium cells

Cartilage is what type of connective tissue?

Specialized Connective Tissue

Transitional Epithelium

Specialized to change in response to increased tension, always changing Forms inner lining of urinary bladder, ureters, and urethra. Can be seen either "Collapsed" or "distended"

Fixed Cells (1st major cell type in connective tissue)

Stay in tissue for a long time 1st type=Fibroblasts 2nd type=Mast Cells

Neurological Cells

Supply nutrients by connecting to blood vessels

Type of epithelial tissue that makes up your skin

Stratified Squamous (Epithelium)

collagenous fibers

Thick threads of collagen protein Long, parallel bundles Flexible but only slightly elastic Great tensile strength (thick threads) Makes up Ligaments and tendons Dense connective tissue, white fibers STAINS PINK

Squamous

Thin, flattened (cell shape)

(Function) Nervous Tissue

Transmit nerve impulses along cytoplasmic extensions

Stratified

Two or more layers (of cells)

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Two or three layers, cube-shaped cells Form lining of LUMEN Function in secretion Found in the linings of ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and the pancreas.

Reticular Fibers

Very thin COLLAGENOUS fibers Highly branched Form delicate supporting networks Make up the spleen "Little cradles, holding organs"

Macrophages (histiocytes)

Wandering Cell type Originate as white blood cells (make up immune system) Carry on phagocytosis Clear foreign particles, "find the invader and eat/engulf it"

Where do cartilage cells (chondrocytes) lie?

Within small chambers called lacunae

(Location) nervous tissue

brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

cartilage cells are called

chondrocytes ("mature" cartilage cell)

Connective tissue FIBERS are produced by

fibroblasts

Neurons are also called

nerve cells

Neurons make up

nervous tissue

Goblet Cells

secrete mucus for protection in Simple columnar and Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelial cells. Also found in Mucous membrane (cells of this membrane contain goblet cells).

Muscle Tissue types that are STRIATED

skeletal and cardiac

Osteon (Bone Tissue)

structural unit of compact bone

Columnar

tall, elongated (cell shape)