Chapter 5 Review

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Which of the following behaviors best illustrates the presence of visual recognition memory in an infant?

. Looking longer at a novel picture than one that has not been seen before

Mirror neurons are activated in humans when they _______________.

. perform a motor act or watch someone else perform it

After watching 3-year-old Shana drop her raisins into a cup, 10-month-old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup. Nicholas is in Substage __________ of the sensorimotor period substages.

3

Which of the following actions performed by an infant would be on the Bayley motor scale of infant development?

An infant makes a postural adjustment when put to the examiner's shoulder.

__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them.

Automatic processes

__________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and flexibly directing thought and behavior, coordinating information in working memory, and planning.

Executive function

_____ is the number of words one can use in the production of language.

Expressive vocabulary

Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which statement is true?

Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes—"pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy.

Miryam tells her 2-year old daughter, "please take that pretty hat of yours and hang it up." Even though the little girl cannot say this sentence, she follows the instruction. Why can she do this?

Her receptive vocabulary is stronger than her expressive vocabulary.

Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary circular reactions?

In primary circular reactions, infants are focused on their own bodies, while in secondary circular reactions, the focus shifts to objects and environmental events.

Which of the following is a reasonable criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

It emphasized the role of maturation above all else.

_________believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.

Lev Vygotsky

The textbook notes that the Bayley scales have been widely used and adapted to a number of different cultures. One example of a country where this assessment tool is used that is specifically noted in the textbook is ________.

Nepal

_____ is the gradual building of complex behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior.

Shaping

Which of the following tests of infant intelligence has a mental scale that assesses perceptual skills?

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Which of the following is the focus of cognitive development?

The development of children's ways of perceiving and mentally representing the world

In Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research on infant memory, which of the following tasks was performed by infants?

They moved a mobile by kicking their legs.

__________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.

Working memory

According to Jean Piaget, when assimilation does not allow the child to make sense of novel events, children try to modify existing schemes through ________.

accommodation

Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll-some gently and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.

accommodation

According to cognitive-development theory, a scheme is

an organized way of making sense of experience

During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________

are in a state of disequilibrium

Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was ______ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.

assimilating

Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.

attention and categorization

A child's first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech are known as _________.

babbling

Baby Greer says "bababababa." This is an example of __________.

babbling

According to Piaget, adaption involves

building schemes through direct interaction with the environment

The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.

central executive

A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor

circular reaction

Lars is playing with his two-month-old baby, making silly faces and blowing on her stomach. He is delighted when she responds with "ooh," "ahh," and happy expressions. Lars's baby is ________.

cooing

Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of __________.

cooing

In the short-term memory store, __________.

information is stored briefly so we can actively "work on" it to reach our goals

The _____ is a view of cognitive development that focuses on how children manipulate sensory information and/or information stored in memory.

information-processing approach

According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________.

joint activities with more mature members of their society

According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.

language acquisition

In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, __________.

more effective schemes are produced

Charlie is sitting on a seat holding a small rattle in his hand. He drops the rattle on the floor, and he is not crying or even looking for it. It is as if the rattle does not exist for him any longer now that he is not seeing or touching it. In this scenario, Charlie is displaying a lack of_______.

object permanence

Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.

object permanence

Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on __________.

observations of his own three children

Stephen's mirror neurons will help him _____.

play the guitar by watching someone else play it

Katerina is a one-month-old baby. She just discovered her hand. She lowers it out of view, then brings it into view, and repeats this process on a regular basis. Katerina's behavior is an example of a ________.

primary circular reaction

Although the __________ is biased for language processing, if it is injured in the early years, other regions take over.

right hemisphere

Piaget's __________ stage is the most complex period of development.

sensorimotor

In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.

short-term memory store

Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies __________.

still make the A-not-B search error

Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________.

sustained attention

The rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences are known as __________.

syntax

Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of __________.

telegraphic speech

The circular reaction initially centers on __________.

the infant's own body


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