Chapter 5 Review
Which of the following behaviors best illustrates the presence of visual recognition memory in an infant?
. Looking longer at a novel picture than one that has not been seen before
Mirror neurons are activated in humans when they _______________.
. perform a motor act or watch someone else perform it
After watching 3-year-old Shana drop her raisins into a cup, 10-month-old Nicholas copies her and drops his raisins into a cup. Nicholas is in Substage __________ of the sensorimotor period substages.
3
Which of the following actions performed by an infant would be on the Bayley motor scale of infant development?
An infant makes a postural adjustment when put to the examiner's shoulder.
__________ are so well-learned that they require no space in working memory and, therefore, permit us to focus on other information while performing them.
Automatic processes
__________ control(s) attention by inhibiting impulses and flexibly directing thought and behavior, coordinating information in working memory, and planning.
Executive function
_____ is the number of words one can use in the production of language.
Expressive vocabulary
Ten-month-old Hannah is shown a stuffed sheep, and then it is hidden under a blanket. Which statement is true?
Hannah can find the sheep by coordinating two schemes—"pushing" aside the blanket and "grasping" the toy.
Miryam tells her 2-year old daughter, "please take that pretty hat of yours and hang it up." Even though the little girl cannot say this sentence, she follows the instruction. Why can she do this?
Her receptive vocabulary is stronger than her expressive vocabulary.
Which of the following is a difference between primary and secondary circular reactions?
In primary circular reactions, infants are focused on their own bodies, while in secondary circular reactions, the focus shifts to objects and environmental events.
Which of the following is a reasonable criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
It emphasized the role of maturation above all else.
_________believed that complex mental activities have their origins in social interaction.
Lev Vygotsky
The textbook notes that the Bayley scales have been widely used and adapted to a number of different cultures. One example of a country where this assessment tool is used that is specifically noted in the textbook is ________.
Nepal
_____ is the gradual building of complex behavior through reinforcement of successive approximations to the target behavior.
Shaping
Which of the following tests of infant intelligence has a mental scale that assesses perceptual skills?
The Bayley Scales of Infant Development
Which of the following is the focus of cognitive development?
The development of children's ways of perceiving and mentally representing the world
In Carolyn Rovee-Collier's research on infant memory, which of the following tasks was performed by infants?
They moved a mobile by kicking their legs.
__________ can be thought of as a "mental workspace" that we use to accomplish many activities in daily life.
Working memory
According to Jean Piaget, when assimilation does not allow the child to make sense of novel events, children try to modify existing schemes through ________.
accommodation
Two-year-old Laura dropped a block into her toy box. She then dropped a cup, a car, and a doll-some gently and some with force. Laura's modification of her dropping scheme is an example of __________.
accommodation
According to cognitive-development theory, a scheme is
an organized way of making sense of experience
During times of rapid cognitive change, children __________
are in a state of disequilibrium
Baby Olivia dropped her rattle. Later, she let go of her teething ring and watched with interest. When Olivia dropped objects, she was ______ them to her sensorimotor dropping scheme.
assimilating
Most infant intelligence tests emphasize __________.
attention and categorization
A child's first vocalizations that have the sounds of speech are known as _________.
babbling
Baby Greer says "bababababa." This is an example of __________.
babbling
According to Piaget, adaption involves
building schemes through direct interaction with the environment
The __________ is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.
central executive
A __________ is a means of building schemes in which infants try to repeat chance motor
circular reaction
Lars is playing with his two-month-old baby, making silly faces and blowing on her stomach. He is delighted when she responds with "ooh," "ahh," and happy expressions. Lars's baby is ________.
cooing
Two-month-old Penny makes vowel-like noises. This is an example of __________.
cooing
In the short-term memory store, __________.
information is stored briefly so we can actively "work on" it to reach our goals
The _____ is a view of cognitive development that focuses on how children manipulate sensory information and/or information stored in memory.
information-processing approach
According to Vygotsky, children master activities through __________.
joint activities with more mature members of their society
According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar.
language acquisition
In Piaget's theory, each time the back-and-forth movement between equilibrium and disequilibrium occurs, __________.
more effective schemes are produced
Charlie is sitting on a seat holding a small rattle in his hand. He drops the rattle on the floor, and he is not crying or even looking for it. It is as if the rattle does not exist for him any longer now that he is not seeing or touching it. In this scenario, Charlie is displaying a lack of_______.
object permanence
Nine-month-old Avery can retrieve his ball when his mother hides it under a blanket. Avery has begun to master __________.
object permanence
Piaget based the substages of sensorimotor development on __________.
observations of his own three children
Stephen's mirror neurons will help him _____.
play the guitar by watching someone else play it
Katerina is a one-month-old baby. She just discovered her hand. She lowers it out of view, then brings it into view, and repeats this process on a regular basis. Katerina's behavior is an example of a ________.
primary circular reaction
Although the __________ is biased for language processing, if it is injured in the early years, other regions take over.
right hemisphere
Piaget's __________ stage is the most complex period of development.
sensorimotor
In the information-processing system, information first enters the __________.
short-term memory store
Awareness of object permanence is not yet complete in Piaget's Substage 4 because babies __________.
still make the A-not-B search error
Two-year-old Carmen is trying to fit pieces into a wooden puzzle form. Her father helps Carmen turn the pieces so they fit snuggly in place. As Carmen's skill improves, her father steps back, letting her try on her own. This example illustrates the concept of __________.
sustained attention
The rules in a language for placing words in order to form sentences are known as __________.
syntax
Miranda says "more apple." This two-word utterance is an example of __________.
telegraphic speech
The circular reaction initially centers on __________.
the infant's own body
