Chapter 5: The Integumentary system
If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing? A) metabolic function B) cutaneous sensation C) thermoregulation D) having the skin act as a physical barrier
thermoregulation
If a person were born without eccrine glands, what skin function would he or she have a hard time completing?
thermoregulation; Sweat is used for thermoregulation. As sweat is released onto the surface of the epidermis, heat from the body is conducted into the water. Water is a better conductor of heat than air is. As the sweat evaporates, the heat from the body dissipates into the environment.
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient?
Anemia
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called: A) dermal papillae. B) hair follicles. C) ceruminous glands. D) reticular papillae.
A) dermal papillae.
Which of the following is a skin sensory receptor for touch? A) Pacinian corpuscle B) Meissner's corpuscle C) Ruffini body D) free nerve ending
B) Meissner's corpuscle
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize? A) Melanoma B) Squamous cell carcinoma C) Basal cell carcinoma D) Adenoma
B) Squamous cell carcinoma
A cancerous growth on the skin will likely exhibit ________. A) uniform coloration B) regular borders C) asymmetry D) a size smaller than 6 mm
C) asymmetry
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________. A) by high temperatures B) when the air temperature drops C) by hormones, especially androgens D) as a protective coating when one is swimming
C) by hormones, especially androgens
The ________ gland is a modified sudoriferous gland that secretes wax. A) eccrine B) apocrine C) ceruminous D) mammary
C) ceruminous
In the presence of sunlight, Vitamin D precursors are produced. This is important for the transport of sodium in our intestines. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False
False
Joe just burned himself on a hot pot. and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. True False
False
Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False
False
New portions of a nail are produced at the nail bed. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False
False
Our skin helps us to regulate our body temperature by causing shivering. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False
False
The biggest risk factor for the development of skin cancer is excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight. Exposure to UV light in a tanning booth is safer. Is this statement true or false? A) True B) False
False
The dermis contains blood vessels and nerve fibers while the epidermis does not.
False
The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.
False
The skin is not able to receive stimuli because the cells of the epidermis are not living and therefore there are no sensory receptors in the skin. True False
False
Thick skin has a more extensive dermal layer than thin skin. True False
False
When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body. True or False
False
When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that blood and heat will be dissipated. True or False
False
Keratin protects skin cell DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Is this statement true or false? True False
False Keratin helps to provide a water barrier for the integument. Melanin absorbs and dissipates the harmful UV rays that can damage the DNA of your skin cells. Keratin is a fibrous protein that helps to protect skin from abrasion.
New portions of a nail are produced at the cuticle.
False; The nail matrix is the thickened proximal portion of the nail bed responsible for nail growth. The cuticle is the part of the proximal skin fold, or nail fold, that projects onto the nail body.
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin?
Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A) Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. B) Langerhans cells activate the immune system. C) Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. D) Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
areolar connective tissue
The loose connective tissue within the papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and cells that function in the body's defenses.
A physician is often able to detect homeostatic imbalances in the body by observing changes in the skin color. True or False
True
Hair growth and density are influenced by hormones, nutrition, and, in some cases, lifestyle. True or False
True
Regardless of race, all human beings have about the same number of melanocytes. T/F
True
The apocrine sweat glands are fairly unimportant in thermoregulation. True or False
True
The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis. T/F
True
The vomer forms part of the nasal septum. True or False
True
Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D? fibroblast melanocyte tactile (Merkel) cell keratinocyte
melanocyte Melanocytes within the stratum basale produce the pigment melanin, which is deposited within the deeper layers of the epidermis.
In alopecia, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the_________. A) epithelial root sheath B) cuticle C) hair matrix D) hair follicle receptor
hair matrix
In people with lighter skin, respiratory failure can lead to a change in the color of the skin. Which pigmentation factor is affecting this change? A) carotene B) hemoglobin C) folic acid D) melanin
hemoglobin
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?
in the axillary and anogenital area
Surface skin cells regenerate from stem cells found in which specific region? A) in the stratum basal B) in the stratum corner C) in the deepest layer of the skin D) in the papillary layer of the dermis
in the stratum basal
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is _______. A) melanoma B) basal cell carcinoma C) squamous cell carcinoma D) All of these skin cancers are equally dangerous.
melanoma
Overactive sebaceous glands can cause...
seborrhea, a disease characterized by red, itchy lesions on the scalp; Excessive sebum production by overactive sebaceous glands can be irritating to the skin. This can cause oily, scaly patches, which can cause oily scales to flake off of the skin.
Susan sat out in the sun watching a baseball game. She developed small blisters on her unprotected shoulders and neck. What type of burn is represented by the formation of the blisters? A) first-degree burn B) second-degree burn C) third-degree burn D) full-thickness burn
second-degree burn
During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ? A) cardiac muscle B) smooth muscle C) brain D) skeletal muscle
skeletal muscle
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layer would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin?
stratum basale
Which of the following layers is found only on the palms of the hands or the soles of the feet? A) stratum lucid B) stratum basale C) stratum corner D) stratum granulosum
stratum lucid
Keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because they ________. A) produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties B) are able to transform from living cells to plasma membranes and still function C) are able to reproduce sporadically as needed D) are a powerful defense against damaging UV rays
A) produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion? A) A; holocrine B) A; merocrine C) C; apocrine D) C; holocrine
A; holocrine
Which of these glands is properly matched with its mode of secretion? A; holocrine A; merocrine C; apocrine C; holocrine
A; holocrine The gland at A secretes an oily material rich in lipids but does not do it through the use of vesicles and exocytosis.
Which glands produce ear wax? A) Apocrine glands B) Eccrine Glands C) Ceruminous glands D) Merocrine glands
C) Ceruminous glands
Sudoriferous glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct? A) Eccrine are the most numerous, being found primarily in the axillary regions. B) Apocrine glands are larger than eccrine, and empty secretions directly to the surface of the skin. C) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects. D) Mammary glands are not considered a modified sweat gland.
C) Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A) Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. B) Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. C) Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. D) Langerhans cells activate the immune system.
C) Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body.
What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?
keratinocytes
What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? A) dendritic cells B) macrophages C) keratinocytes D) fibroblasts
keratinocytes
What is the most common cell type in the epidermis?
keratinocytes; Keratinocytes are the primary cells that form the stratified layers of the epidermis.
What causes jaundice?
liver issue
Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation? A) carotene B) melanin C) keratin D) hemoglobin
melanin
Which skin-color-associated, pigment-producing cell is located in the labeled layer D? A) fibroblast B) tactile (Merkel) cell C) keratinocyte D) melanocyte
melanocyte
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? A) stratum spinosum B) stratum lucid C) stratum granulosum D) stratum basale
stratum basale
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood? stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum
stratum basale
Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? A) stratum spinosum B) stratum corner C) stratum granulosum D) stratum basale
stratum basale
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin?
stratum corneum
Which layer of skin is LEAST protected by melanin? stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum corneum stratum basale
stratum corneum
Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer? A) A B) C C) D D) E
A
What are the 5 layers of the Epidermis?
stratums Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
What properties must a substance have to penetrate the skin?
Oil-based
biological protection of Integument
WBCs and melanin
If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result? fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle the forehead's skin would become dry bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely all of the above
all of the above
The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ.
true
The dermis has two major layers; which of the following constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? A) the reticular layer B) the subcutaneous layer C) the hypodermal layer D) the papillary layer
A) the reticular layer
melanocyte
Melanocytes within the stratum basale produce the pigment melanin, which is deposited within the deeper layers of the epidermis.
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
What causes Cyanosis?
lack of oxygen
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________.
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following would indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin?
The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
In alopecia, new hair growth stops because cell division is inhibited in the_________.
hair matrix
What causes redness (erythemia)?
warm, irritation, inflammation, hormonal, cooling off
Acne is a disorder associated with ________. A) sweat glands B) sebaceous glands C) Meibomian glands D) ceruminous glands
B) sebaceous glands
The structural unit of spongy bone is called ________. A) osteons B) lamellar bone C) trabeculae D) osseous lamellae
C) trabeculae
Why are there no skin cancers that arise from the stratum corneum?
Dead cells can't divide
What is a callus?
Thick layer of stratum corneum (dead skin)
function of Eccrine glands
excretion
What is the function of the secretion from A? to lubricate hair and prevent infection to waterproof the epidermis to cool the body to provide nourishment for the cells in the hair
to lubricate hair and prevent infection Structure A produces sebum, an oily secretion that coats the hairs and prevents infectious agents from penetrating the hair shaft.
Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? A) to insulate the body from heat loss B) to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis C) to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue D) to store energy
to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________. encouraging the patient to eat more orange colored vegetables (rich in beta carotene) giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask exposing the patient to more sunlight. increasing fluids through IV therapy
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________.
Which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are? A) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis. B) Fingernails are derived from osseous tissue. C) Fingernails are extensions of the carpal bones. D) Fingernails are a separate tissue from the skin, formed from a different embryonic layer.
A) Fingernails are a modification of the epidermis.
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism. B) It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. C) The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. D) It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases.
A) It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. B) Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. C) Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair. D) Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin.
A) Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts.
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces. B) The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments. C) The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it. D) Fat associated with skin prevents water loss.
A) Lamellated granules of the cells of the stratum granulosum, a glycolipid that is secreted into extracellular spaces.
Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch or light pressure? A) Meissner's corpuscles B) Pacinian corpuscles C) free nerve endings D) Krause's end bulbs
A) Meissner's corpuscles
________ is an inherited condition that affects the heme pathway; it leaves the skin scarred and gums degenerated, and may have led to the folklore about vampires. A) Porphyria B) Decubitus ulcer C) Impetigo D) Rosacea
A) Porphyria
Which layer(s) of the skin is(are) damaged in a second-degree burn? A) The epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis are damaged. B) Only the dermis is damaged. C) Only the epidermis is damaged. D) All layers of the epidermis and dermis are damaged.
A) The epidermis and the superficial region of the dermis are damaged.
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following changes would suggest that a patient is suffering from Addison's disease? A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. B) Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. C) The skin appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. D) It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.
A) The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance.
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient? A) respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated B) the presence of hematomas in the skin C) hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication D) Anemia
Anemia
A Caucasian patient with pale skin is treated for low blood pressure with medication that elevates the blood pressure; however, the skin's pallor does not change. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the pallor in this patient? respiratory disease that results in the blood being poorly oxygenated the presence of hematomas in the skin hypertension caused by excessive use of the medication Anemia
Anemia Red blood cells (RBCs) help give blood its color. Anemia is a set of signs and symptoms that appear when a person does not have enough healthy RBCs. Pallor, or paleness, is a sign/symptom of anemia because the blood vessels in the dermal layer lack normal RBCs.
ducts open to fair follicles; found in axillary and anogenital areas
Apocrine sweat glands
Layer B is composed primarily of __________. simple squamous epithelium areolar connective tissue dense regular connective tissue dense irregular connective tissue SubmitMy AnswersGive Up Correct
Areolar connective tissue The loose connective tissue within the papillary layer of the dermis is rich in blood vessels and cells that function in the body's defenses.
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. A) primarily uric acid B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C C) fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins D) metabolic wastes
B) 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been stretched and/or torn? A) The pain is acute due to the large number of Meissner's corpuscles. B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis. C) The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing "black-and-blue marks." D) The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear.
B) The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
The design of a person's epidermal ridges is determined by the manner in which the papillae rest upon the dermal ridges to produce the specific pattern known as handprints, footprints, and fingerprints. Which of the following statements is true regarding these prints or ridges? A) Every human being has the same pattern of ridges. B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person. C) Because we are constantly shedding epithelial cells, these ridges are changing daily. D) Identical twins do not have the same pattern of ridges.
B) They are genetically determined, therefore unique to each person.
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________. A) provide the melanocyte with a protective shield against abrasion B) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer C) maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules D) maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
B) accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Which muscles attached to the hair follicles cause goose bumps? A) arrector integument B) arrector pili C) levator folliculi D) arrector folliculi
B) arrector pili
Which is the most common type of skin cancer? A) melanoma B) basal cell carcinoma C) squamous cell carcinoma D) adenoma
B) basal cell carcinoma
What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn? A) infection B) catastrophic fluid loss C) unbearable pain D) loss of immune function
B) catastrophic fluid loss
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum B) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale C) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum D) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum
B) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. A) they grow much slower B) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months C) the vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle D) hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length
B) eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
The dermis ________. A) is an avascular connective tissue layer B) has two layers C) lacks sensory corpuscles and glands D) is where melanocytes are found
B) has two layers
The integumentary system is protected by the action of cells that arise from bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis. Which of the following cells serve this function? A) cells found in the stratum spinosum B) macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells C) keratinocytes, because they are so versatile D) tactile cells
B) macrophages called epidermal dendritic cells
A dendritic or Langerhan cell is a specialized ________. A) squamous epithelial cell B) phagocytic cell C) melanocyte D) nerve cell
B) phagocytic cell
An epidermal dendritic cell is a specialized ________. A) squamous epithelial cell B) phagocytic cell C) nerve cell D) melanocyte
B) phagocytic cell
Although the integument is a covering, it is by no means simple, and some of its functions include ________. A) the dermis providing the major mechanical barrier to chemicals, water, and other external substances B) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system C) cooling the body by increasing the action of sebaceous glands during high-temperature conditions D) epidermal blood vessels serving as a blood reservoir
B) resident macrophage-like cells whose function is to ingest antigenic invaders and present them to the immune system
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? A) stratum lucidum B) stratum basale C) stratum granulosum D) stratum corneum
B) stratum basale
Vernix caseosa is a ________. A) substance contributing to acne during adolescence B) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands C) coat of fine, downy hair on the heads of balding men D) cheesy-looking sudoriferous secretion on the skin of newborns
B) whitish material produced by fetal sebaceous glands
What is a blister?
Between epidermis and dermis, pocket filled with fluid as a result of irritation
Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue? A) A B) B C) C D) D
C
Which structure is a type of sweat gland? A) A B) B C) C D) D
C
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? A) sebaceous and merocrine B) mammary and ceruminous C) eccrine and apocrine D) holocrine and mammary
C) eccrine and apocrine
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following except ________. A) medulla B) cortex C) external root sheath D) cuticle
C) external root sheath
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? A) goblet cells, parietal cells, and Kupffer cells B) monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes C) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells D) osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells
C) fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? A) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis B) beneath the flexure lines in the body C) in the axillary and anogenital area D) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
C) in the axillary and anogenital area
If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged? A) granulosum B) basale C) lucidum D) spinosum
C) lucidum
Which layer of the dermis is directly below the epidermis? A) hypodermis B) stratum basale C) papillary layer D) reticular layer
C) papillary layer
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? A) stratum corneum B) stratum granulosum C) stratum basale D) stratum lucidum
C) stratum basale
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? A) stratum basale B) stratum granulosum C) stratum reticulum D) stratum corneum
C) stratum reticulum
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________. A) it is located just below the epidermis and protects the dermis from shock B) it has no delicate nerve endings and can therefore absorb more shock C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber D) the cells that make up the hypodermis secrete a protective mucus
C) the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ________. can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood solubilize the skin's keratin filaments solubilize the skin's collagen fibers
Can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes Organic solvents are carbon-based substances that are capable of dissolving or dispersing one or more other substances like the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.
modified apocrine glands in external ear canal that secrete cerumen (wax)
Ceruminous glands
Earwax is made by __________.
Ceruminous glands are modified apocrine sweat glands found in the lining of the external ear canal. Their secretion mixes with sebum produced by nearby sebaceous glands to form a sticky, bitter substance called cerumen, or earwax, which is thought to deter insects and block entry of foreign material.
Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers? A) A B) B C) C D) D
D
Cell division would be most common among cells in which of the labeled layers?
D Cells migrate upwards through the epidermis after being generated by mitosis in the stratum basale.
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. A) Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. B) Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. C) Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
D) Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? A) The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. B) Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. C) The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
D) Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. A) serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed B) bind the hair root to the dermis C) cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
D) allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? A) by measuring urinary output and fluid intake B) by observing the tissues that are usually moist C) through blood analysis D) by using the "rule of nines"
D) by using the "rule of nines"
A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order? A) basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum B) basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum C) granulosum, basale, spinosum, corneum D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
D) corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
The papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. The superficial surface has structures called: A) hair follicles. B) reticular papillae. C) ceruminous glands. D) dermal papillae.
D) dermal papillae.
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of ________. A) absorbing materials applied to the surface layer of the skin B) utilizing the products of merocrine glands to nourish the epidermis C) filtration D) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
D) diffusing through the tissue fluid from blood vessels in the dermis
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? A) sebaceous and merocrine B) mammary and ceruminous C) holocrine and mammary D) eccrine and apocrine
D) eccrine and apocrine
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? A) beneath the flexure lines in the body B) in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet C) in all body regions and buried deep in the dermis D) in the axillary and anogenital area
D) in the axillary and anogenital area
Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to ________. A) age B) size C) weight D) male hormones
D) male hormones
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? A) sex and hormones B) age and glandular products C) the size and number of hair follicles D) nutrition and hormones
D) nutrition and hormones
Sweat is secreted by ________. A) mammary glands B) ceruminous glands C) sebaceous glands D) sudoriferous glands
D) sudoriferous glands
Layers B and C collectively form the __________. epidermis subcutaneous layer dermis hypodermis
Dermis Although layers B and C can be distinguished based on their structural components, they form a continuous layer of the skin termed the dermis.
Why would a third-degree burn be less painful than a first- or second-degree burn involving the same body area? Inflammatory fluids disrupt nerve endings. destruction of underlying pain receptors Localized dehydration results in less pain. Intense heat alters sensory nerve fibers.
Destruction of underlying pain receptors
Ceruminous glands are modified merocrine glands. T/F
False
Open to pores; found in palms, soles of feet, and forehead; body temp control
Eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands
Which layer of tissues is damaged in a first-degree burn?
Epidermis
The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity?
Increased oily appearance and more acne.
Why does your skin remain red after a bad sunburn? Inflammation causes increased blood flow. Damaged epidermis cells are sloughed off. Loss of sweat glands in the dermal layer Blisters form, lifting the epidermal layer.
Inflammation causes increased blood flow.
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
What type of epithelial cells make up the epidermis?
Keratinicytes
What is the most common cell type in the epidermis? fibroblasts keratinocytes macrophages dendritic cells
Keratinocytes Keratinocytes are the primary cells that form the stratified layers of the epidermis.
Which layer is composed primarily of dense irregular connective tissue?
Layer C consists primarily of dense, interwoven fibers of collagen designed to resist tearing from any direction.
specialized sweat glands that secrete milk
Mammary glands
Marie and Joan are the same height, but Marie weighs 25 pounds more than Joan. When they go hiking in cold weather, Joan needs two more layers of clothing than Marie to stay warm. Which of the following explains why?
Marie has a thicker epidermal layer, which insulates her body's core more efficiently.
Which skin pigment is made in the skin as a natural defense against UV radiation? carotene melanin keratin hemoglobin
Melanin Melanin is the only one of the three pigments (melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin) that contribute to skin color that is actually produced in the skin itself.
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis? dendritic cells keratinocytes pain receptors melanocytes
Pain receptors Pain receptors are found deeper in the papillary layer of the dermis.
What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?
Papillary layer (Areolar CT) and Reticular layer (Dense irregular CT)
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage?
Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? stratum corneum basal layer stratum granulosum reticular layer
Reticular layer There isn't a stratum reticulum. The epidermis of thick skin consists of 5 layers. From deep to superficial, these layers are stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum. (Study tip: Try the mnemonic BSGLC--Betty's Skin Glows Like Candles.) Thin skin lacks the stratum lucidum; thus, it consists of only the four major layers.
glands that accumulate products and rupture
Sebaceous glands (holocrine)
During cold weather, blood vessels located in the dermis undergo vasoconstriction restricting blood flow into the skin. This produces additional body heat by routing blood to what effector organ? skeletal muscle smooth muscle brain cardiac muscle
Skeletal muscle
Pigment can be found in several layers of the epidermis. In which layers would you expect to find the cells that produce melanin? stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale stratum lucidum
Stratum basale Between 10 and 25% of the cells in the stratum basale are melanocytes that produce the melanin.
Which stratum of the epidermis contains the stem cells responsible for regenerating the more superficial layers? stratum corneum stratum basale stratum spinosum stratum granulosum
Stratum basale The stratum basale is the deepest layer of the epidermis and consists of one layer of actively mitotic stem cells. The stem cells in this layer generate the cells that will migrate to the more superficial layers: spinosum, granulosum, and corneum.
Which structure is a type of sweat gland?
Structure C is an eccrine gland, the most abundant type of sweat (sudoriferous) gland.
Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure? A) Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. B) Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands. C) Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle. D) All the listed statements correctly describe structures A, B, C, and D.
Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis.
Which of the following correctly describes a common feature of all structures labeled A through D in the figure? Section of the integument with labeled accessory structures. Structures A, B, C, and D are all various types of glands. Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. Structures A, B, C, and D are composed primarily of smooth muscle. All the listed statements correctly describe structures A, B, C, and D.
Structures A, B, C, and D are located in the dermis. Each of the labeled structures is located within the dermal layer of the skin.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein to protect the epidermis. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. Langerhans cells activate the immune system. Melanin provides protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the body. This is the incorrect statement. Tactile cells, in conjunction with their sensory nerve endings, function as touch receptors. The hypodermis, not tactile cells, anchors skin to the body.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Melanin protects the nuclei of keratinocytes against ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body. Keratinocytes produce a fibrous protein that gives the epidermis its protective properties. Dendritic cells ingest foreign substances and activate the immune system.
Tactile cells anchor the skin to the underlying structures of the body.
The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following?
That friction ridges are genetically determined.
A 26-year-old model is concerned about a new scar on her abdomen. She tells her surgeon that there is practically no scar from the appendix operation done when she was 16, but this new scar from the gallbladder operation is "gross." Her appendectomy scar is small, obliquely located on the inferior abdominal surface, and very indistinct. By contrast, the vertical gallbladder scar is large and lumpy. Which of the following best explains why the scars are so different?
The appendectomy incision ran parallel to the "lines of cleavage," which are oriented at an oblique angle in the lower right quadrant. An incision made parallel to the lines of cleavage will gape less and heal more readily. The gallbladder incision cut across these lines, which run in the horizontal plane in the upper right quadrant.
What is the role of the hair follicle? A) The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft. B) The hair follicle serves as a sensory receptor. C) The hair follicle allows hair to "stand on end," or become erect. D) The hair follicle produces hair.
The hair follicle serves as an anchor for the hair shaft.
Which of the following best explains the fact that eyebrows do NOT grow as long as the hair on the head? A) The hair follicles of the eyebrows do not have a hair matrix; the hair follicles in the scalp do have a hair matrix. B) The hair follicles of the eyebrows exhibit a resting phase, but the hair follicles in the scalp do not. C) The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive. D) The hair follicles of the eyebrows are not responsive to androgens; hair follicles in the scalp are responsive to androgens. E) The hair of the eyebrows does not have a cuticle, but the hair on the head does have a cuticle.
The hair follicles of the eyebrows are active for only a few months before becoming inactive; the hair follicles in the scalp are active for years before becoming inactive.
The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy?
The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.
The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________. water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels none of the above
The plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels The epidermis is avascular but highly innervated; the underlying dermis lacks the number of nerve endings but is rich in blood vessels.
Which of the following represents a difference between eccrine sweat glands and apocrine sweat glands? A) The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands. B) Eccrine sweat glands use exocytosis to make secretions, while apocrine sweat glands do not. C) Eccrine sweat glands begin to function at puberty, while apocrine sweat glands function throughout life. D) Eccrine sweat glands are located deeper in the dermis than apocrine sweat glands.
The secretions of apocrine sweat glands contain more fat and protein than do the secretions of eccrine sweat glands.
Which of these is NOT a function of the layer at D? to store energy to insulate the body from heat loss to supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis to loosely connect the skin to underlying tissue
To supply cells to replace those lost from the epidermis The hypodermis does not perform this function. Cells to replace those lost in the epidermis are provided by the basal cells of the epidermis itself.
function of Tactile corpuscles
cutaneous sensation
A Cell of this layer are dead and do not participate in mitosis.
Which of these epidermal layers would be LEAST likely to develop cancer?
The nails can provide signs of health and disease. Which of the following could be a sign of an underlying medical problem?
Yellow nails can be an indication of fungal infection or of a more serious underlying condition, such as lung disease or a thyroid gland disorder.
What is the structure indicated by label E? a hair root the hypodermis a dermal papilla the stratum corneum
a dermal papilla Dermal papillae are projections of the dermis that form indentations in the overlying epidermis.
blockage/infection of sebaceous glands lead to _____
acne
If a large number of whiteheads appear on the skin of the forehead, which of the following would result? A) fine hairs on the forehead would become brittle B) the forehead's skin would become dry C) bacteria on the forehead's skin would grow and multiply freely D) all of the above
all of the above
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________.
allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
In a woman that has hirsutism, ________. A) the keratin filaments in hair undergo cell division to thicken the hair B) androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair C) the cuticles in the visible portions of hair shafts undergo extensive cell division D) none of the above
androgens stimulate vellus hair to become terminal hair
Which skin function is not correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function? Which skin function is not correctly matched with the structure that accounts for that function? apocrine gland: thermoregulation tactile corpuscles: cutaneous sensation keratinocytes: physical barrier eccrine glands: excretion
apocrine gland: thermoregulation; While the function of the apocrine cells is not well understood, they do not provide much assistance in thermoregulation because of their location.
Layer B is composed primarily of __________. A) dense regular connective tissue B) simple squamous epithelium C) dense irregular connective tissue D) areolar connective tissue
areolar connective tissue
The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________.
assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
The arrector pili muscle's predominant, useful function in humans is to ________. stimulating faster hair growth preventing germs from entering the hair shaft provide warmth by making the hair stand on end assisting in the release of sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
assisting in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
Which of the following is NOT an immediate threat to the system as a result of burns? A) dehydration B) bacterial infection C) electrolyte imbalance D) renal failure
bacterial infection
A splinter penetrated into the skin of the sole of the foot, almost to the papillary region of the dermis. Which layer of the epidermis would be the final layer injured?
basale
Which of the following would NOT be a correct characteristic of melanoma? A) diameter of 12 mm B) color that is dark black or brown C) border regularity D) asymmetry
border regularity
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? through blood analysis by using the "rule of nines" by measuring urinary output and fluid intake by observing the tissues that are usually moist
by using the "rule of nines"
The skin is permeable to organic solvents, such as acetone or turpentine, because they ______. A) can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes B) are small molecules that bypass skin cells and therefore directly enter the blood C) solubilize the skin's keratin filaments D) solubilize the skin's collagen fibers
can dissolve the lipid bilayers of epidermal and dermal cell plasma membranes
Earwax is made by __________. A) sebaceous glands B) ceruminous glands C) eccrine glands D) apocrine glands
ceruminous glands
Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched? Which of the following cells and their function are correctly matched? dendritic cells - activate the immune system keratinocytes - provide sense of touch and pressure tactile cells - protection melanocytes - protects cells in the stratum corneum from damaging effects of sun's rays
dendritic cells - activate the immune system
chemical protection of Integument
dermcidin, acid mantle, defensins
Layers B and C collectively form the _________. A) epidermis B) hypodermis C) dermis D) subcutaneous layer
dermis
What is the function of structure B? A) production of defensive chemicals B) storage of fat C) detection of pressure stimulus D) secretion of sweat
detection of pressure stimulus
What is the function of structure B? storage of fat detection of pressure stimulus secretion of sweat production of defensive chemicals
detection of pressure stimulus Structure B is a lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscle that responds to cutaneous contacts involving deep pressure.
You discover a new type of gland associated with the skin. Chemical analysis of the product shows a secretion has a pH of 4, consists of 99% water, and contains traces of normal electrolytes including urea, vitamin C, and dermicidin. There are no traces of fats or proteins. How would you classify this new gland? A) ceruminous gland B) mammary gland C) eccrine gland D) sebaceous gland
eccrine gland
What causes pallor (blanching)?
emotional response
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________.
eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
Vitamin D precursors are produced in the skin in the presence of sunlight. These chemicals are important for the transport of sodium in our intestines.
false
A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________. greater chance of infection less chance for infection faster healing of the skin and less scarring slowed healing and grater scarring
faster healing of the skin and less scarring
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?
fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The most dangerous type of skin cancer is __________.
melanoma; Melanoma, cancer of melanocytes, is the most dangerous skin cancer because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy. These cancers appear spontaneously, and about one-third develop from preexisting moles.
physical protection of Integument
multi-layered keratinized cells & glycolipid water-resistance
The integument's ability to resist tearing when stretched is largely due to the ________. A) desmosomes that bind together the cells of the stratum basal B) abundance of dense fibers found in the papillary layer of the dermis C) network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis D) dead, flattened layers of keratinized cells that fuse to form the stratum corneum
network of collagen fibers present in the reticular layer of the dermis
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth?
nutrition and hormones
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? nutrition and hormones sex and hormones age and glandular products the size and number of hair follicles
nutrition and hormones
The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________.
overexposure to UV radiation
Which type of cell is NOT found in the epidermis? A) dendritic cells B) keratinocytes C) melanocytes D) pain receptors
pain receptors
Which type of cell or cellular structure is not found in the epidermis?
pain receptors
A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized
phagocytic cell
function of Keratinocytes
physical barrier
Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________.
preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis
What are 3 functions of sebum?
prevention of water loss, protection from bacteria, lubrication of the skin
Which of the following is NOT a function of sebum? A) protection from bacteria B) lubrication of the skin C) protection from UV radiation D) prevention of water loss
protection from UV radiation
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the epidermis? A) stratum corner B) stratum granulosum C) reticular layer D) basal layer
reticular layer
Which of the following is a layer of the epidermis found in thin skin?
reticular layer; The reticular layer is one of two layers of connective tissue that form the dermis of thin and thick skin.
In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations? A) scalp B) forehead C) nose D) the back of the hand
scalp
In general, skin cancer is least likely to develop in which of the following locations?
scalp; The skin of scalp has hair, which gives it added protection from the damaging ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair?
sebaceous glands
Which glands secrete an oily product that softens the skin and hair? A) ceruminous glands B) sebaceous glands C) apocrine sweat glands D) eccrine sweat glands
sebaceous glands
For a doctor, simply looking at a patient's skin can help towards making a diagnosis.
true
Which of the following terms describes layer D? A) epidermal B) subcutaneous C) papillary D) reticular
subcutaneous
Which of the following terms describes layer D? reticular subcutaneous papillary epidermal
subcutaneous The hypodermis ("under the skin") layer is also referred to as the subcutaneous region.
Which epidermal cells act as sensory touch receptors? A) melanocytes B) dendritic cells C) tactile cells D) keratinocytes
tactile cells
The reason the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber is that ________.
the major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber
The source of the fluid that accumulates in a blister is________. A) water that is absorbed from the environment into the skin B) water that is squeezed out of the overlying epidermal cells C) the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels D) none of the above
the plasma of the blood flowing through the numerous dermal blood vessels
Which dermal layer is responsible for the dermal properties of skin that are evident as cleavage lines? A) the granular layer B) the papillary layer C) the basal layer D) the reticular layer
the reticular layer
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to
the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________. the papillary layer but not the reticular layer the subcutaneous layer, but no deeper the stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
the stratum basale but not the dermal layers
Which of the following does NOT protect the skin from bacteria? A) the low pH of the skin B) the temperature of the skin C) defense's D) cathelicidins E) dermcidin
the temperature of the skin
What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation? A) the rigidity of the cell membrane B) their desmosome attachments C) glycolipids that make the layer waterproof D) pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells
their desmosome attachments
What feature of the prickle cells in layer C causes them to have pointy projections after tissue preparation? glycolipids that make the layer waterproof their desmosome attachments pulling by shrunken keratin fibers between the cells the rigidity of the cell membrane
their desmosome attachments Cells typically shrink during tissue preparation, and since these cells are attached by desmosomes, the membranes are pulled slightly outward.
What is the function of the secretion from A? A) to lubricate hair and prevent infection B) to waterproof the epidermis C) to cool the body D) to provide nourishment for the cells in the hair
to lubricate hair and prevent infection
