Chapter 5 Tissues Outline A&P

Characteristics: It's made up of tightly packed cells containing little intercellular material. It tends to have prominent nuclei when viewed under the microscope. *Simple*: how many layers? *Stratified* how many layers?

1 layer; multiple layers (2 or more)

*Cell types of connective tissue* What are the 3 major cell types and their functions?

1) fibroblasts = make fibers 2) macrophages = conduct phagocytosis 3) mast cells = secrete heparin and histamine for inflammation

What percentage of cancers originate from epithelium?

90%

*KNOW THE FOLLOWING FIGURES* Know specifically where they are located in the body

Figures: 5.2 a & b 5.3 a & b 5.4 a & b 5.5 a & b 5.6 a & b 5.7 a & b 5.8 a & b 5.9 a & b 5.16 a & b 5.20 a & b 5.21 a & b 5.22 a & b 5.23 a & b 5.24 a & b 5.25 a & b

_____ _____ is a specialized loose connective tissue designed to store fat. List some examples. What is the function of this tissue?

adipose tissue; lies beneath the skin, in spaces between muscles, around the kidneys, behind the eyeball, in certain abdominal membranes, on the surface of the heart, and around certain joints; cushions joints and organs, insulates beneath the skin, and stores energy in fat molecules

List several places you are likely to find simple squamous epithelium

alveoli, walls of capillaries, insides of blood and lymph vessels, part of the membranes that line body cavities, and covers the viscera and kidneys *(mainly found in the lungs)*

_____ glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretions (mammary glands).

apocrine

*Skeletal muscle* Where is it found? Its cells are elongated, so they are called muscle _____. Skeletal muscle fibers have many small _____. The cells appear striped and are said to be _____. Is it usually voluntary or involuntary?

attached to bones; fibers; nuclei; striated; voluntary

*Loose connective tissues* What are the main functions of areolar connective tissue? What is the main cell type found in this tissue?

binds the skin to underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles, and it lies beneath most layers of epithelium, where its many blood vessels nourish nearby epithelial cells; fibroblasts

Name the specialized connective tissues?

cartilage, bone, and blood

Tissues

cells are arranged in groups of similar cells, which provide specific functions for the body

Cartilage cells are called _____

chondrocytes

*Bone* What is its matrix composed of? What are bone cells called? Cells and extracellular matrix form concentrically shaped circles around a central canal. This functional unit is called a(n) _____ or _____ _____.

collagen fibers and mineral salts; osteocytes; osteon or Haversian system

*Fibers of connective tissue* What are the 3 types of fibers found in connective tissues?

collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers

*Dense connective tissue* is very strong because of the arrangement of the _____ fibers. List 2 common places that this occurs in the body.

collagen; tendons and ligaments

*Stratified columnar epithelium* Which 2 cell shapes are found in this type of tissue? Where is this type found?

columnar cells on the surface and cuboidal cells are found in the basal layers; found in the male urethra and linings of large gland ducts

*Types of connective tissues* There are many diverse types of connective tissues. What are the 2 major categories?

connective tissue proper and specialized connective tissue

*Simple cuboidal epithelium* What shape are cuboidal cells? This type of tissue functions in _____ and _____ in the kidneys and _____ in the glands.

cube-shaped; secretion, absorption, secretion

*Pseudostratified cilitated columnar epithelium* These cells appear layered but really aren't. Why do they look layered? What does "cilitated" mean?

due to varied cell shapes, nuclei are in varying positions within the cells; having cilia on the cell surface

_____ cartilage is so named beacause it is flexible. Where is it found?

elastic; external ears and parts of the larynx

*Simple columnar epithelium* What shape are columnar cells? What specialized cell is often found in this type of tissue? What is the function of the specialized cell? What is the function of simple columnar epithelium?

elongated cells (taller than they are wide); Goblet cells; makes mucus (main function); protects underlying tissues, secretes digestive fluids, and absorbs nutrients from digested food

List the 4 main types of tissues in the body

epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle

*Epithelial membranes* They are composed of a layer of _____ tissue and a layer of _____ tissue. List 4 main types of epithelial membranes:

epithelial; connective; 1) serous, 2) mucous, 3) cutaneous, 4) synovial

Where is the mucous membrane found?

esophagus, stomach, intestines (any tubes that lead outside the body)

*Glandular epithelium* This tissue is made up of cells designed to produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids. Glands that secrete products into ducts are called _____. Those that secrete into body fluids and blood are called _____.

exocrine; endocrine

Where is simple columnar epithelium found?

female reproductive tract, uterus, stomach, and small and large instestines

_____ is the toughest of the 3 types (of cartilage). Where is it found?

fibrocartilage; intervertebral discs, knees, and pelvic girdle

*Blood* is composed of _____ _____ and a liquid _____ (matrix). What is its function? What is it composed of?

formed elements; plasma; transports materials between interior body cells and those that exchange substances with the external environment; red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

*Connective tissue* Functions: bind, support, protect, serve as frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection (macrophages used in phagocytosis), and repair tissue damage. Unlike epithelial cells, connective tissues have abundant matrix, or intercellular material throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).

functions of connective tissue

*Stratified cuboidal epithelium* What is the advantage of having several layers? Where is this type of tissue found?

greater protection than a single layer; lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, pancreas, ovarian follicles, and seminiferous tubules (lines a lumen)

*Cardiac muscle* It's only found in the _____. Like skeletal muscle, it's striped and so is said to be _____. The cardiac muscle cells are connected to each other by _____ _____. Is it voluntary or involuntary?

heart; striated; intercalated discs; involuntary

_____ glands release entire cells (sebaceous/oil glands in the skin).

holocrine

What is the most common type of cartilage? Where is it found?

hyaline; ends of bones, soft part of nose, supporting rings of respiratory passages

What is an issue with simple squamous epithelium?

it's very delicate and can be damaged easily

Where is the synovial membrane found?

joints and connective tissue

Where is the serous membrane found?

lines abdominal and thoracic cavities (no outside openings)

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelium found?

lines the passages of the respiratory system

Epithelial tissue covers body surfaces. State some locations in which epithelial tissue is found: _____. Anchors to connective tissue by a layer called the _____.

lining of body cavities, lines hollow organs, and composes glands; basement membrane

Where is reticular connective tissue found?

liver and spleen

Name the connective tissues proper?

loose connective tissue, areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, and dense connective tissue

Glands are classified by the ways they secrete their products. _____ glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas, salivary glands, sweat glands).

merocrine

In intestinal cells, the surface area is increased by the presence of _____.

microvilli

Where are you likely to find stratified squamous epithelium?

oral cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal

List several places you are likely to find simple cuboidal epithelium

ovaries, tubules in kidneys, parts of the eye and thyroid

Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within a connective tissue covering called the _____

perichondrium

*Stratified squamous epithelium* What is this type of tissue best suited for? What does keratinized mean?

protection and creating the superficial layer of the skin; containing keratin protein in the cells which makes the layer tough and dry

Functions of epithelial tissue?

protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion

*Nervous tissue* There are 2 major types of cells in nervous tissue. What is the function of neurons?

sense changes in surroundings, respond with electrical impulses, coordinate, regulate, and integrate many body functions (NEURONS CANNOT DIVIDE)

*Transitional epithelium* Why can't we classify this type by shape? Where is it found and why?

shape of cells change as tissue stretches; urinary bladded, ureters, urethra; enables them to distend without leaking or tearing

Where is the cutaneous membrane found?

skin

What are the functions of neuroglia?

support, insulate, nourish, and protect neurons (NEUROGLIA CAN DIVIDE)

*Simple squamous epithelium* What shape are squamous cells? What is this type best suited for?

thin, flattened cells; diffusion and filtration

*Muscle tissue* What is the general function of all muscle tissue? What are 3 different types of muscle tissue?

to contract and shorten to provide movement; skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

*Cartilage* is a rigid connective tissue that provides a supportive framework for various structures. It lacks a _____ _____ and so heals slowly.

vascular system

*Smooth muscle* Where is it found? What is the shape of its cells? How many nuclei do the cells have? Is it voluntary or involuntary?

walls of hollow internal organs (ex. stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels); short, spindle-shaped cells; 1 nucleus; involuntary