Chapter 6

The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as fat in __________.

yellow marrow

Match the type of cartilage to its correct description: Fibrocartilage.

Able to withstand heavy loads and absorb shock

Identify the stage of long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate indicated by "E."

Ossification zone

Correctly match the term and description: Bone-building cell.

Osteoblast

Determine the scenario that reduces the mass of a long bone.

Osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity.

________ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei that "break down" bone to put calcium back into the blood.

Osteoclasts

Correctly match the definition and term: Fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone.

Periosteum

Correctly match the term and description: Diaphysis.

Primary ossification center

Identify the stage of long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate indicated by "B."

Proliferation zone

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Cartilage cells undergo mitosis.

Proliferation zone

Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton?

Ribs

If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?

Rickets

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Foramen.

Round or oval opening through a bone

Match the description to the correct answer: Sesame seed-shaped bone formed in a tendon.

Sesamoid bone

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Fossa.

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Spine.

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Identify the general class of bone indicated by "D."

Short bone

Correctly match the term and description: Epiphyseal plate.

Site of length increase in long bones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Tubercle.

Small rounded projection or process

During a football game, a player fractures his leg bone when his foot plants into the turf, but several opposing players continue to push him forward. The doctor explains that the diagonal break across the bone was due to intense twisting forces. Select the type of fracture involved in this example.

Spiral

Correctly match the definition and term: Location of red bone marrow in an adult.

Spongy bone

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: Immature spongy bone and periosteum form.

Stage 3

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: Compact bone replaces immature spongy bone, just deep to the periosteum, and red marrow develops.

Stage 4

Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests that she take all of the following courses of action except?

Start taking synthetic parathyroid hormone

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Flat bone.

Sternum (breastbone)

Match the following: Nasal cartilage.

Supports the external nose

Select the true statement regarding appositional growth of a long bone.

The long bone increases in thickness, or diameter.

Correctly match the definition and term: A hormone that modulates the activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper bone formation.

Thyroid hormone

Osteo=

bone

Ossification

bone formation

A compound fracture

bone projects through the skin

Bones serve as an important reservoir for __________.

calcium

Which of the following accounts for almost two-thirds of the mass of bone tissue?

calcium phosphate

Hydroxyapatites in bone matrix that give bone its hardness are primarily composed of __________.

calcium phosphates

Osteocytes maintain contact allowing them to communicate and permitting nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next through __________.

canaliculi

Why does the perichondrium need a good blood supply?

cartilage is avascular so it gets nurishment from diffusion from the perichondrium

Cartilage tissue features __________ within small cavities called lacunae.

chondrocytes

The presence of an epiphyseal line tells us that

epiphyseal growth has ended.

If a long bone is still growing it will have a/an

epiphyseal plate

The padlike menisci of the knee joints contain __________.

fibrocartilage

intramembranous ossification

fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue is how skull bones form

Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________.

fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

A narrow, slitlike opening in a bone is referred to as a __________.

fissure

During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________ from the anterior pituitary gland.

growth hormone

Growth of bones is controlled by several hormones. Which hormone is the most important during during infancy and childhood?

growth hormone

The patella is classified as a sesamoid bone because it

has a diaphysis.

What is the first thing that has to happen for bone repair?

hematoma forms

Blood cells are made in the red bone marrow of bones, a process known as:

hematopoiesis.

When problems with blood forming tissue are suspected, clinicians obtain tissue samples from the _____________ because the red bone marrow in this location is highly active in hematopoiesis.

hip bone

What kind of tissue are long bones in the embryo made of that is replaced beginning at about 8 weeks?

hyaline cartilage

Which of the following cartilage types is not correctly matched with a location?

hyaline-external ear

Whose bone marrow is mostly red?

infants

Diploë

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

Long bones grow lengthwise during infancy and childhood happens via

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates

Ossification of the ends of long bones ________.

is produced by secondary ossification centers

The bones of the arms and legs are classified as:

long bones

Osteocytes

maintain normal bone structure

A bone disorder that affects adults and has symptoms that are similar to rickets is called __________.

osteomalacia

All of the following belong to spongy bone, except __________.

osteons

Which of the following is found only in compact bone?

osteons

Bone-forming cells originate from __________.

osteoprogenitor cells

Hydrogen ion concentration is related to

pH

The hormone that increases osteoclast activity to increase calcium in the blood?

parathyroid hormone

When Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal, __________.

parathyroid hormone is released

Perforating canals

passageways the blood vessels of the central canals to the marrow cavity.

The periosteum is held to the bone by collagen fibers called

perforating (Sharpey's) fibers.

The connective tissue that covers cartilage is called

perichondrium

Osteoporosis occurs most often in ____________________.

postmenopausal women

A crest on a bone is a(n)

prominent ridge

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

protection of internal organs

Collagen fibers do not __________.

provide for bone hardness

In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows and the bone elongates by ________.

pushing the epiphysis and diaphysis apart

In adolescence, the "growth spurt" that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in __________.

sex hormones

Match the description to the correct answer: Approximately equal in length and width.

short bone

The bones of the wrists and ankles are classified as:

short bones.

Thin, broad bones are classified as:

short bones.

Which of the following are part of the axial skeleton?

skull vertebrae ribs

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Rickets can be caused by a deficiency of __________.

vitamin D

Select the statement that best describes most long bones at the time of birth.

A bony diaphysis with a widening medullary cavity, and two cartilaginous epiphyses

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Groove.

A furrow

Cartilage can grow in which of the following ways?

Appositional growth and interstitial growth

Match the following function of bone to its description: Anchorage.

As a result, we can walk, grasp objects, and breathe

Identify the stage of long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate indicated by "D."

Calcification zone

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Dead cartilage cells appear; matrix begins deteriorating.

Calcification zone

Select the hormone that lowers blood calcium levels when administered at high pharmacological doses.

Calcitonin

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Meatus.

Canal-like passageway

Which of the following are tiny canals that connect the central canal of an osteon to the osteocytes?

Canaliculi

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Short bone.

Carpal of the wrist

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: Sinus.

Cavity within a bone

Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage?

Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.

Match the description to the correct answer regarding bone tissue: Major organic fiber of bone.

Collagen

Match the following: Costal cartilages.

Connect the ribs to the sternum

Match the following: Articular cartilages.

Cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints

Which of the following is true?

Despite the environmental factors that influence bone density, genetics still plays the major role in determining bone density.

In a car accident, the injuries to the driver include a fractured femur. Part of the broken end of the diaphysis of the femur is visibly penetrating through the skin in the thigh area. Which of the following properly classifies this fracture?

Displaced, complete, open (compound)

Correctly match the definition and term: Replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue to form a bone.

Endochondral ossification

Identify the stage of endochondral ossification indicated by "E."

Epiphyses ossify; hyaline cartilage remains only in epiphyseal plates and articular cartilages.

Correctly match the definition and term: Expanded portion of the long bone at its ends.

Epiphysis

Which of the following is true regarding bone remodeling?

Every year 5 to 10 percent of the skeleton is replaced.

Match the description to the correct stage of bone repair: Activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site.

Fibrocartilage callus

Identify the general class of bone indicated by "C."

Flat bone

Intramembranous ossification is mostly responsible for forming which type of bone?

Flat bone

Match the following: Respiratory cartilages.

Form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce other respiratory passages

Correctly match the description of the bony projection with its name: Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck.

Head

Select the correct sequence of fracture repair steps.

Hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs

Which function of bone tissue occurs in the red bone marrow?

Hematopoiesis

Identify the stage of long bone growth at the epiphyseal plate indicated by "C."

Hypertrophic zone

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: Older cartilage cells enlarge.

Hypertrophic zone

Which of the following statements is true?

Hypocalcemia leads to hyperexcitability.

Which of the following is not composed of hyaline cartilage?

Intervertebral discs

Identify the general class of bone indicated by "B."

Irregular bone

Match the description to the correct answer: Bone with a complex shape.

Irregular bone

Match the type of cartilage to its correct description: Elastic cartilage.

Located in the external ear and epiglottis

Identify the general class of bone indicated by "A."

Long bone

Match the description to the correct answer: Has a length greater than width.

Long bone

Osteoblasts release which of the following?

Matrix vesicles studded with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase

Correctly match the definition and term: Hollow space in the shaft of a long bone.

Medullary cavity

Which of the following is true with respect to hyaline cartilage?

Most abundant skeletal cartilage

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Crest.

Narrow ridge of bone

Correctly match the term and description: Mature bone cell.

Osteocyte

Correctly match the term and description: Bone stem cell.

Osteoprogenitor cell

The bone disorder with excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

Paget's disease

Which bone disorder is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption?

Paget's disease

Which of the following bone disorders is not treatable with increased calcium and vitamin D?

Paget's disease

The hormonal control of bone remodeling primarily involves which of the following?

Parathyroid hormone

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Sesamoid bone.

Patella of the knee

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Large, rough, rounded projections.

Tuberosity

Correctly match the bone type with its example: Irregular bone.

Vertebra of the spinal column

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Trochanter.

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Which of the following is classified as a short bone?

Wrist bone

Yellow marrow is useful as __________.

a tissue that may revert back to red marrow if a person needs more red blood cells

Prevention of osteoporosis includes

adequate intake of calcium weight bearing exercise not smoking avoiding drinking too much soda.

The process of bones increasing in thickness (width)

apoostitional growth

The bones in the long axis of the body make up the __________.

axial skeleton

A patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces. This would be considered a __________.

comminuted fracture

A break in the shaft of a bone is in the ________.

diaphysis

Smooth, rounded, or oval articular process

meatus

The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the center of each osteon has which of the following?

nerve fiber artery vein

Bones are

organs

The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________.

osteoblasts

Bone is broken down by __________.

osteoclasts

Cells responsible for bone resorption

osteoclasts

The cells that maintain mature compact bone marix are __________.

osteocytes

The lacunae of bone contain __________.

osteocytes