chapter 6

13. One way to increase the accuracy of self-report measures of attitudes is to

convince respondents that any deception can be detected.

attitude

A positive, negative, or mixed response to a person, object, or idea is called a(n)

31. Which statement regarding LaPeer's (1934) study of attitudes is false?

Even though respondents who were asked self-report questions claimed that they would not be racially prejudiced, their behavior showed clear discrimination.

19. Which of the following concerning the use of facial electromyography (EMG) to assess attitudes is true?

Facial EMG can detect muscular changes not observable to the naked eye

Miss Roberto is concerned that Talia and Emily avoid playing with Michael because he is African American. Which strategy would best enable her to assess any unconscious dislike these two students feel toward Michael?

IAT to examine the racial attitudes

The hypothesis that there is a genetic component to some attitudes would be supported by all but which finding

The human genome project has identified specific genes that are responsible for the ability to hold positive or negative attitudes

42. An attitude that is brought to mind quickly and easily is said to be

accessible

8. Cacioppo and Petty (1981) recorded facial muscle activity of college students as they listened to a message with which they agreed or disagreed. The results of this study indicated that listening to a(n) ____ message increases activity in the ____.

agreeable; cheek muscles

Attitudes are useful because they

allow us to judge whether something we encounter is good or bad

The theory of planned behavior posits that behavior is a function of attitudes, subjective norms, behavioral intentions, and the

amount of control we perceive to have over our own actions

An attitude is implicit if you

are not aware of it

26. For which type of attitude would an implicit attitude measure be more predictive than an explicit attitude measure?

attitude toward committing suicide

. Research on the attitudes of twins suggests

attitudes on identical are more similar than fraternal

Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about alcohol. She would be well-advised to use a

b. bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects.

32. Stephen Kraus's (1995) meta-analysis on the relationship between attitudes and behaviors showed that attitudes

b. significantly and substantially predict future behavior.

Sally is a staunch Democrat. She has been arguing with Jim, who is a staunch Republican. In the course of their discussion, Sally is able to withstand the arguments Jim offers for his position, but just barely. She realizes afterward that her own counterarguments to his were pretty weak. Subsequent to this realization, Sally's attitude will

become less certain

Yanquan is a staunch Democrat. He has been arguing with Marcela, who is a staunch Republican. In the course of their discussion, Yanquan is able to withstand the arguments Marcela offers for her position, and he does so in strong and convincing fashion. He realizes afterward that his own counterarguments to Marcela's were pretty solid. Subsequent to this realization, Yanquan's attitude will

become more certain

23. Implicit Association Tests (IATs) can detect implicit attitudes by measuring

d. the speed at which participants associate stimuli with a positive or negative word.

Which of the following would not be considered an attitude

dalton drives a silver minivan

The covert attitude measure that uses electrodes pasted onto the scalp to record the waves of electrical brain activity is called a(n)

electroencephalograph

. In a study about political attitudes and opinions during the 2004 presidential election, researchers used brain imaging to examine what happened in the brain when participants listened to positive or negative statements about the candidate of their choice. They found that most affected were those areas of the brain associated with which of the following?

emotion

A political candidate is often eager to win the endorsement of celebrities who are popular with hordes of people. The candidate hopes that the association of his or her campaign with a popular figure will result in the masses feeling more favorable toward his or her candidacy due to

evaluative conditioning

The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called

evaluative conditioning

Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the ____ but not the ____ of the attitude

intensity; direction

14. Which of the following is not used to overcome the limitations of traditional self-report methodology?

likert scale

Shaniqua plans to use a self-report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements using a multi-point scale. She is using

likert scale

4. The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an attitude that is

mixed in terms of positive vs negative

Jaycee is extremely judgmental. She has strong opinions about politics, social issues, and moral concerns. Jaycee is high in the

need for evaluation

15. Wells and Petty (1980) videotaped students as they listened to a speech. The results of this study indicated that

nodding and shaking head

According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that a person's behavior might not be consistent with that person's attitudes is that the behavior

norms are countered to persons attitude

Implicit attitudes can be difficult to measure because

people are not aware of having them

The process by which attitudes are changed is called

persuasion

Sammy and Mark watch a ballgame together. Sammy favors the home team, while Mark is an avid fan of the road team. The star player for Sammy's team makes a great play and starts to celebrate in a rather demonstrative fashion. Sammy gets caught up in the celebration, while Mark is angered because he feels this display is an insult to the players of his team. This demonstrates that

pre-existing attitudes

11. One potential problem with self-report measures is that

respondents might not respond truthfully

16. When used to measure attitudes, physiological measures such as heart rate and perspiration

reveal the intensity of an attitude

The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of

self-report measures

. Gloria has a negative attitude toward smoking, but she continues to smoke two packs of cigarettes a day. According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that her attitude and behavior are inconsistent could be that

she doesnt believe she can control her behavior

According to research by Formula and Petty (2002), an attitude can be ____ by a persuasive message or argument ____ it.

strengthened; against

Wilkin and others (2010) conducted a study where American and Japanese participants were asked about their favorite musical artists, TV shows, and restaurants, among other preferences. They found that

the Japanese participants reported liking their favorites for a shorter time than the Americans did.

Which indicator is NOT used to distinguish weak attitudes from strong ones?

the amount of perceived behavioral control

In trying to assess attitudes about particular subjects, public opinion pollsters have become aware that attitude responses seem to be affected by all of the factors below except

the length of the questionnaire

Which theory suggests that intentions to perform a behavior are best predicted by attitudes toward the behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control?

theory of planned behavior

Attitudes are best understood as

varying in strength along both positive and negative dimensions