Chapter 6, 7 and 9

fetal

During the _________________ stage, of prenatal development (the final stage starting about two months after conception), the body structures and organs complete their growth.

initiative vs. guilt

Erickson's 3rd stage in which children (3 to 5 yrs.) learn to assume more responsibility by taking initiative but will feel guilty if they overstep limits set by parents. Virtue = purpose Negative Outcome = inadequacy

industry vs. inferiority

Erickson's 4th stage in which children (5 yrs. to puberty) learn to be competent by mastering new intellectual, social, and physical skills or feel inferior if they fail to develop these skills. Virtue = competence Negative Outcome = inferiority

identity vs. role confusion

Erickson's 5th stage (adolescence, 12 - 18 yrs.) in which adolescents develop a sense of identity by experimenting with different roles. No role experimentation may result in role confusion. Virtue = fidelity Negative Outcome = rebellion

intimacy vs. isolation

Erickson's 6th stage (young adulthood, 18 40 yrs.) in which young adults form intimate relationships with others or become isolated because of a failure to do so. Virtue = love Negative Outcome = isolation

integrity vs. despair

Erickson's 8th and final stage (late adulthood, 65+) in which older adults assess their lives and develop a sense of integrity if they find their lives have been meaningful, and a sense of despair if their lives do not seem meaningful. Virtue = wisdom Negative Outcome = dissatisfaction

culture & society

Erik Erickson emphasized ______________ & ________________ in Psychosocial Development.

Psychosocial Development

Erikson

trust versus mistrust

Erikson's 1st stage in which the infant's (birth to 1 yr.) basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care Virtue = hope Negative Outcome = Fear/Suspicion

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Erikson's 2nd stage in which children (1 - 2 yrs) learn to exercise will and to do things independently; (i.e. toilet training, walking, exploring. If restrained too much, they learn to doubt their abilities Virtue = will Negative Outcome = Shame

generativity vs. stagnation

Erikson's 7th stage (middle adulthood, 40 - 65 yrs.) in which middle-aged adults feel they are helping the next generation through their work and child rearing, or they stagnate because they feel that they are not helping. Virtue - care Negative Outcome = unproductive

formal operational stage

In Piaget's theory, the fourth stage of cognitive development, which lasts from adolescence through adulthood; characterized by the ability to think logically about abstract principles and hypothetical situations.

confirmation bias

In the 2-4-6 task, participants demonstrate ____________________________ in testing their hypotheses.

Moral Development

Kohlberg

illusory correlation

Mistakenly believing that two events are related is called _______________________________.

availibility heuristic

Overestimating the probability of dying in an airplane crash is like the result of using the ___________________________________.

Stages of Development

Piaget

happens in formal operational stage

begin to be able to reason out and understand consequences of actions

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the second stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which the child's thinking becomes more symbolic and language-based, but remains egocentric and lacks the mental operations that allow logical thinking

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the third stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain a fuller understanding of conservation and other mental operations that allow them to think logically, but only about concrete events

representativeness; conjunction

in the Linda problem, if you judge that it is more likely that Linda is a bank teller and active in the feminist movement than that Linda is a bank teller, you are likely using the _____________ heuristic and committing the ______________ fallacy.

gamblers fallacy

incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur

Spearman

intelligence theorist, proposed g factor as part of general underlying intelligence

Sternberg

intelligence theorist, proposed three types of intelligence -- analytical, practical, and creative

Representative Heuristic leads us to _______________________________________________________.

judge the probability of category membership by resemblance to the category

reaction range

the genetically determined limits for an individual's intelligence

identical twins (reared apart)

the intelligence test scores for _____________ are most strongly correlated

Zone of Proximal Development

the link between what one can do and what one can't do. this area most sensitive to instruction

mental set

the tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem

happens in sensorimotor stage

uses the senses to gather information about their senses... as they discover their senses they discover how to move their body's around. Example is a toy ball, when removed, infants don't understand that the ball still exists.

Vygotsky Social Development

* cognitive development results from social interaction * zone of proximal development * scaffolding * reciprocal teaching Elementary Mental Functions (attention, sensation, perception, memory) as babies learned thru a M.K.O (more knowledgable other), who acts as a guide. eventually leads to and develops into Higher Mental Function, independent learning & thinking. Example - showing a child how to put a puzzle together.

Erickson's Psychosocial Development

-He assumed that a crisis can occur at each stage of development and that these conflicts involve differences between an individual and the needs of society (so those needs were competing) -Successful completion of these 8 stages can result in a healthy personality and acquisition of these virtues. -He emphasized the role of culture & society. -He suggested there is plenty of room for growth and personality in the lifespan (not just childhood). -Failure to complete an actual stage can result in the reduced ability to move along to further stages - can lead to a more unhealthy personality and sense of self.

Piaget's Stages of Development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

soley by genetics

A heritability estimate of 100% for intelligence in a given population means that the variation in intelligence for this population is determined ____________________.

identity versus role confusion

According to Erikson, psychosocial theory, ________________________ is the issue that a person faces during adolescence.

preconventional

According to Kohlberg, a person who complies with rules and laws to avoid punishment is in the ______________________ level of moral development.

preoperational

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children are in the ____________________ stage if they have symbolic ability but lack conservation.

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the first stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants learn about the world through their sensory and motor interactions with it and develop object permanence

happens in concrete operational stage

They understand conservation, begin to understand math (for example if 4+8=12 then 12-8=4) ... understand conservation

Sociocultural Development

Vygotsky

happens in preoperational stage

don't understand that people have a different point of view than they do...example, watching TV with child, they sit in front of you, b/c they do not understand that you cannot see what they do. Also, they might cover their eyes, the whole, "I can't see you and you can't see me idea". Also, develops and engages in pretend play.