chapter 6
Fixed-ratio
A schedule that reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors is a _______ - ______ schedule.
Match the example to the type of schedule or partial reinforcement it describes. b) Variable ratio
A slot machine might payout an average of every 20 times spun, but the gambler doesn't know when the payout will be.
Define Punishment
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again.
What is an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
learning
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
behaviorism
A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, discounting the importance of such mental activity as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
Unconditioned
A(n) _______ stimulus produces a response without prior learning.
________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, and it occurs without awareness or effort.
Acquisition
Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?
Albert Bandura
Two students are in the same degree program at their college. Alison has a growth mindset, and Marissa has a fixed mindset. Based on this information, which one is more likely to succeed in her studies?
Alison, because will be more likely to take active steps to improve her skills and learn from mistakes
Unconditioned
An _____ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
Skinner box
An operant chamber called a _______ _______ is a device used to study operant conditioning.
unconditioned response (UCR)
An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
_________________ learning occurs when an organism makes a connection between two events
Associative
__________________ conditioning is a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
Aversive
A student who receives one bad grade might thereafter always study hard in order to avoid the negative outcome of bad grades in the future. This is an example of ----
Avoidance learning
An____________ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
Unconditioned response
latent learning (implicit learning)
Unreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior.
Which of the following are examples of primary reinforcers?
Water Food
What is a conditioned stimulus?
a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a learned response
Categorize each descriptor as related to classical conditioning or operant conditioning. a) Classical Conditioning
a) Explains automatic or unconscious types of learning b) Association is between two stimuli c) Pavlov
Categorize each descriptor as related to classical conditioning or operant conditioning. b) Operant Conditioning
a) Explains intentional or conscious types of learning b) Association is between a behavior and a consequence c) Skinner
It's Sarah's first day at a new job. She watches Jim use the clock to punch in for work. After seeing him take his time card out of his slot, place it in the machine, stamp it and then return it to his slot, Sarah decides that she will try to use the machine herself. Sarah has used what method of learning?
Observational Learning
It is Sarah's first day at a new job. She watches Jim use the time clock to punch in for work. After seeing him take his time care out of his slot, place it in the machine, stamp it, and then return it to his slot, Sarah decided that she will try to use the machine herself. Sarah has used what method of learning?
Observational learning
The learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another person's behavior
Observational learning is:
Positive Reinforcement
Occurs when something is provided or given to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
Occurs when something is removed or avoided in order for the behavior to increase.
Purposive
One cognitive factor of learning is ______, the idea that much of behavior is goal-directed.
Voluntary behaviors
Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining:
According to Thorndike's law of effect..
Positive consequences will lead to increased behavior.
________ is the process in operant conditioning by which a stimulus following a particular behavior increases the probability that a behavior will be repeated.
Reinforcement
Shaping
Reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ______.
Which of the following is an example of spontaneous recovery?
Remembering a family trip to the movies when visiting the same theater.
discrimination (operant conditioning)
Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
shaping
Rewarding approximations of a desired behavior.
Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, Gavin was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats, he feels queasy. In this situation, the conditioned stimulus is the
boat
Gavin recently went deep-sea fishing with some friends. Unfortunately, Gavin was extremely seasick the entire time he was on the boat, and now when he sees boats, he feels queasy. This is an example of
classical conditioning
Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?
eating some delicious ice cream
You have trained your dog to bark on command by giving her rawhides when she is successful. However, you quit giving her the rawhides when she barks and you find that eventually she will not bark on command. What has occurred?
extinction
Some people believe that their abilities cannot be changed. This is known as a(n)
fixed mindset.
Robert stopped drinking soda and lost three pounds this week. He was so excited by his results, he decided to stop having snacks before bedtime, too. This change in Robert's eating habits because he had a weight loss success when he changed his drinking habits is an example of ______________________.
generalization
A number of studies have been conducted that reveal that classical conditioning can produce _____________________, a decrease in the production of antibodies.
immunosuppression
In positive reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior __________- because it is followed by a desirable stimulus.
increases
Observational learning is....
learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior is known as
When a teenager gets poor grades, his father takes away his cell phone. This consequence is a
negative punishment.
Applied behavior analysis is the use of _______ principles to change human behavior.
operant conditioning
Dogs are often used in airports to detect explosives materials and/or narcotics. Their trainers teach them to smell out a certain substance by rewarding them with treats for correctly identifying a substance. In what type of learning are the dogs engaging?
operant conditioning
Robert had a serious car accident while Mozart was playing on his stereo. Now, every time Robert hears a Mozart song, he feels frightened and panicked. What is the unconditioned stimulus?
The car accident
Ivan Pavlov
The name of the researcher who originally described classical conditioning was ______ ______.
reinforcement
The process by which a rewarding stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
discrimination (classical conditioning)
The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.
renewal
The recovery of the conditioned response when the organism is placed in a novel context.
negative reinforcement
The removal of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
preparedness
The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others.
Recovery
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous _______.
What is generalization?
The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original CS to elicit a response similar to the CR
generalization (classical conditioning)
The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
instinctive drift
The tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning.
Modeling
Bandura believes that many complex behaviors are the result of exposure to _____, and not trial-and-error learning.
Slow, consistent
Because it's difficult to tell when a reward will come, behavior in a variable-interval schedule is ______ and ______.
Which theory of learning discounts the importance of such mental activities as thinking, wishing, and hoping, and focuses solely on observable actions?
Behaviorism
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context the salivation elicited by the sound of the bell is called the ____________ response.
Conditioned response
Robert developed a conditioned response of fear and anxiety to hearing music by Mozart. If he were to have the same response to any classical music, it would be called
Generalization
______________ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.
Habituation
Continuous, partial
In ______ reinforcement, the reinforce is presented every time; whereas in _____ reinforcement, the reinforce is presented some of the time.
Counterconditioning
In ________, pleasant feelings from eating chocolate chip cookies are incompatible with the fear produced by being in an elevator, allowing the fear to be weakened or extinguished.
Neutral
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a _______ stimulus.
Unpleasant
In negative reinforcement, the frequency of a behavior increases because it is followed by the removal of something _______.
Behaviorism
In the field of psychology _______ is a theory of learning that focuses solely on observable actions, discounting the importance of mental activities such as thinking, wishing, and hoping.
extinction (classical conditioning)
The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.
Positive, negative
Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors followed by ______ outcomes are strengthened, and that behaviors followed by ______ outcomes are weakened.
law of effect
Thorndike's law stating that behaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and that behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened.
To study entire behavior sequences
Tolman believed that in order to understand why people engage in particular actions it is necessary:
True
True or false: Expectancies are acquired from people's experiences with their environment.
False
True or false: In operant conditioning learning is more efficient when the interval between a behavior and it's reinforce is a few hours rather than seconds or minutes.
What is the abbreviation for "unconditioned response"?
UCR
Because it's difficult to tell when a reward will come, behavior in a variable-interval schedule is _____ and ______.
slow; consistent
Contingency in classical conditioning refers to
the frequency with which the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus occur together.
You use an electric can opener to open your cat's food every day. When you turn on the can opener and starts to make noise, your cat comes running into the kitchen to eat his food. Today, you used the can opener to open a can of tuna to make yourself a sandwich for lunch, and the cat came running into the kitchen. Your cat has come to associate the previously neutral stimulus of the electric can opener with his cat food. The cat food is the _________________ __________________.
unconditioned stimulus
Samantha stubs her toe on the coffee table on the way into the kitch and she cries out in pain. Stubbing her toe on the coffee table in an example of a(n) _______________ _________________ and her cry of pain is an example of a(n) _________________ _______________.
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
Operant conditioning is better than classical conditioning at explaining ___________ ______________.
voluntary behaviors
What is the definition of learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about through experience
counter conditioning
A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.
The insect repellent
Dan and Molly are camping in the woods and apply insect repellant to their skin in order to fight mosquitoes. Dan gets fewer mosquito bites, but Molly develops a rash because of the repellant's ingredients. Dan decides to go camping more often, but Molly vows never to camp again. Which of these is the agent for both negative reinforcement and punishment?
extinction (operant conditioning)
Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.
classical conditioning
Learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Associative Learning
Learning that occurs when we make a connection, or an association, between two events.
observational learning
Learning that takes place when a person observes and imitates another's behavior.
- Attention - Retention - Motor reproduction - Reinforcement
List the order of occurrence Bandura's four components of observational learning.
Which theorist worked with dogs who were exposed to inescapable shocks an ultimately proposed the theory of learned helplessness?
Seligman
The ____________ box produced operant conditioning by creating positive consequences for the hungry rat pressing the lever to obtain food.
Skinner
Smoking is hard to combat because it offers immediate ___________________ ___________, such as a quick energy boost, and ___________ _______________.
positive reinforcement; delayed punishment
Positive Reinforcement (Examples that best explains the behavior)
a) When someone smiles at you, you say hello and start a conversation. b) When you drink a coffee, you are productive during the day. c) When your dog "gives paw" you give him a treat.
According to Thorndike's law of effect
-Behaviors followed by bad results are less likely to occur -Behaviors followed by good results are more likely to occur again.
Conditioned response
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context the salivation elicited by sound of the bell is called the:
When a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears ___________ has occurred
Extinction
True or False: In operant conditioning learning is more efficient when the interval between a behavior and its reinforcer is a few hours rather than seconds or minutes.
False
True or false: Discrimination is the weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
False
generalization (operant conditioning)
Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
Match the example to the type of schedule or partial reinforcement it describes. d) Variable interval
Pop quizzes help you study continuously because you don't know when they will be given in class
Innate reinforcers that satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex etc) are called ___________ reinforcers
Primary Reinforcers
Marcus watched the expert fisherman tie the hook onto his fishing line, but when Marcus tries to do it himself, he can't remember how. Marcus is having trouble with which process in observational learning?
Retention
spontaneous recovery
The process in classical conditioning by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay, without further conditioning.
negative punishment
The removal of a positive stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Positive, negative
The two types of reinforcing consequences are _____ and ______ reinforcement.
Applied behavior analysis (behavior modification)
The use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.
Primary Reinforcer (match to most appropriate descriptor)
This reinforcer doesn't require any learning to make it pleasurable or satisfying to you.
To study entire behavioral sequences
Tolman believe that in order to understand why people engage in particular actions it is necessary:
True or False: Because Watson and Rayner did not reverse Albert's fear of furry white objects, it's feasible that his fear remained with him throughout his life.
True
True
True or false: Because Watson and Rayner did not reverse Albert's fear of furry white objects, it's feasible that his fear remained with him throughout his life.
False
True or false: Discrimination is the weakening of the conditioned response in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus.
A child goes to the doctor. As the doctor is about to administer a shot, the child sees the needle. As the shot is given, then child feels slight pain and starts to cry. Now, every time the child goes to the doctor, she begins to cry immediately when she sees a person in a lab coat. Label each of below with its classical conditioning role in this scenario.
US → the shot UR → the pain felt from the shot CS → the doctor in a lab coat CR → the child crying in fear because of the anticipated pain
Discrimination is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.
What is discrimination?
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution
What is insight learning?
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrences
What is operant conditioning?
Negative reinforcement
When removal of a stimulus in response to a behavior increases the frequency of that behavior, ______ is said to have occurred.
Immediate
When the delayed consequences of behavior are punishing and the immediate consequences are reinforcing, the _____ consequences usually win.
Albert Bandura
Which theorist viewed learning as the process of observing and imitating behavior?
He coined the term "operant conditioning"-the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of the behavior.
Who was B.F. Skinner?
Positive
Within the framework of operant conditioning, spanking a child would be considered _______ punishment
Neutral
You do nothing the first time you hear a loud sound. But, each time you hear that sound you receive a mild electrical shock. Eventually you will cringe at the sound, knowing that it predicts that you are about to be shocked. The first time that you heard the sound, it was what type of stimulus?
Match the example to the type of schedule or partial reinforcement it describes. c) Fixed interval
You only study right before each of the four exams during the semester.
Unconditioned stimulus
You see a purple light and immediately receive a mild electric shock. This happens several times. You eventually cringe at the site of the purple light. The electric shock is a(n):
Stimulus generalization
You stop at a red flashing light and stop at a red stop sign too. You are demonstrating:
Secondary
_____ reinforcers are reinforcers that are learned by associating and are not innately satisfying.
Counterconditioning
______ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
Discrimination
______ is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.
Acquisition
_______ involves the initial learning of the stimulus-response link.
Learning
_______ is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Insight
_______ learning is a form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden understanding of the problem's solution.
Operant conditioning
________ _____ is a form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
Shaping
_________ can be especially helpful for learning tasks that require time and persistence to complete because rewards are given as subjects get closer to approximating the task.
A supervisor comes into the workplace to check on her employees every hour and a half. An observer notices that the workers increase their work behavior about 10 minutes before the supervisor arrives and then decrease their work behavior after she leaves. What type of reinforcement schedule are the workers on?
a fixed-interval schedule
After studying a psychological concept for some time, Vatana still has not been able to grasp the concept. However, while she is driving to work, she has an "ah-ha!" moment and the concept finally makes complete sense to her. Vatana has experienced
insight learning.
Behaviors tend to be MOST resistant to extinction when the reinforcement
is unpredictable.
Kalliyan has taken the same route home from work for years, but today the road is closed due to an accident. Kalliyan has an important work presentation that she can't miss, so she takes a back road that she knows is there but has never used. She is displaying
latent learning
Bandura believes that many complex behaviors are the result of exposure to _____________, and not trial-and-error learning.
modeling
Observation learning is also known as
modeling and imitation
Observational learning is also known as: ______________ & ________________.
modeling; imitation
Horatio's mother has been nagging him for weeks to clean the garage. When he does so, his mother's nagging ceases. When she stops nagging, Horatio experiences
negative reinforcement.
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a(n) ________ stimulus.
neutral
Which brain structure has been shown to be related to learning through reinforcement?
nucleus accumbens
In ____________, a response decreases because of its unpleasant consequences.
punishment
The sudden reappearance of an extinguished response is called spontaneous _____________.
recovery
In order to get an animal toperfor a complex behavior, we might reinforce successive approximations. This process of reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behavior is called ___________.
shaping
Troy would like to teach his dog to play a toy piano. Since the dog is unlikely to spontaneously begin playing the piano, Troy first rewards his dog for going near the piano, then for touching the piano, then for pressing on one of the keys of the piano, and so on until the dog is able to play a simple tune. This process is called
shaping
Bryn adopted her cat, Minnie, from the local shelter. She feeds Minnie dry food, but the previous owner fed her canned food. Every time Bryn opens her refrigerator, her new cat comes running. Bryn never gives Minnie food after she opens the refrigerator, however, so eventually Minnie stops showing up. Once in a while, though, Minnie will come running when Bryn opens the refrigerator, as if food is forthcoming. This reappearance of Minnie's old behavior is called
spontaneous recovery
If you allow yourself to go see a movie starring one of your favorite actors only after you have studied for your least favorite class, you have employed
the Premack principle.
An _____________ response is an unlearned response that is automatically elicited by a stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
unconditioned
When a dog salivates upon the sight of food, the salivation is called the ____________ response
unconditioned
Extinction occurs in classical conditioning when the conditioned response weakens because the _______ is absent.
unconditioned stimulus
Negative Reinforcement (Examples that best explains the behavior)
a) When you clean out the garage, your dad does not yell at you. b) When you put your seatbelt on in the car to stop the annoying chiming sound of the seat belt indicator. c)When you pay your bill on-time, you avoid the high cost of late fees.
Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when she picks up the leash. The period of time in which the dog learned to associate the leash with walks is called
acquisition
By ringing a bell whenever he gave food to his lab dogs, Pavlov eventually got the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. In this context the salivation elicited by the sound of the bell is called the .....
conditioned response.
When a drug user commonly takes a drug in a particular setting, like a bathroom, he acquires a conditioned response to this location. Now every time the drug user enters the bathroom, the body begins to anticipate the drug does. In this way, the bathroom provides a(n) ___________ _____________ to the body to let it know to prepare for the drug's effects.
conditioned stimulus
After Meg eats hamburger for the first time, she gets sick and vomits. The next time someone asks Meg if she wants a hamburger, she feels so nauseated she actually vomits. Meg has a
conditioned taste aversion.
In _________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented every time; whereas in _____________ reinforcement, the reinforcer is presented some of the time.
continuous; partial
Juan developed a fear of dogs after being attacked by one. His counselor helped him to overcome this fear by teaching him to relax in the presence of dogs. Eventually, he was no longer afraid of dogs. Which of the following processes occurred?
counter conditioning
Sarah is starting to struggle in her general psychology class. She doesn't understand the material in her lectures, and she has gotten behind on her homework. She knows that if she goes to the professor now, the solution will likely be easier than if she waits and gets further behind. If Sarah decided to wait and see if she can catch up on her own but ended up failing her next test, it would exemplify....
delayed punishment
Tim has decided not to go out this weekend to party with his friends, but to save his money and go on vacation with his girlfriend over Christmas break. Tim's actions are an example of ____________ _________________.
delayed reinforcement
Irinia's dog loves to go for walks, and she always puts a leash on him when they go out. The dog used to wag his tail as soon as they got outside, but now he wags his tail when she picks up the leash. In this case, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
going for a walk
When an individual develops a tolerance for a drug after repeated use (and needs more and more of the substance to get the same effect), this could be explained by __________________.
habituation
Please list in order of occurrence Bandura's four components of observational learning. Motor reproduction Reinforcement Retention Attention
1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor reproduction 4. Reinforcement
Consider how we might teach a rat to press a lever in a maze. Using the concept of shaping, put the below steps in order from start to finish. The rat receives a food pellet when he touches the lever. The rat receives a food pellet he goes near the lever. The rat receives a food pellet when he presses the lever.
1. The rat receives a food pellet he goes near the lever. 2. The rat receives a food pellet when he touches the lever. 3. The rat receives a food pellet when he presses the lever.
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through _______
Experience
Match the example to the type of schedule or partial reinforcement it describes. a) Fixed ratio
A child receives an hour of video game playing, not because he cleaned his room everyday, but because he cleaned his room five days in a row.
Neutral
A conditioned stimulus involves a previously _____ stimulus that eventually elicits the conditioned response after being associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
punishment
A consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur.
Which of the following does NOT describe a process affected by operant conditioning?
A dog salivating at the sound of a dinner bell
Which of the following illustrates stimulus generalization?
A driver stops at a red flashing light and stops at a red stop sign.
What is operant conditioning?
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
operant conditioning (instrumental conditioning)
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence
What is operant conditioning?
A form of associative learning in which the consequences of a behavior change the probability of the behavior's occurrence.
insight learning
A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution.
aversive conditioning
A form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus.
systematic desensitization
A method of therapy that treats anxiety by teaching the client to associate deep relaxation with increasingly intense anxiety-producing situations.
Immunosuppression
A number of studies have been conducted that reveal that classical conditioning can produce ______, a decrease in the production of antibodies.
Which of the following illustrates stimulus discrimination?
A person goes to the door when the doorbell rings, but not when their alarm clock rings.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
secondary reinforcer
A reinforcer that acquires its positive value through an organism's experience; a secondary reinforcer is a learned or conditioned reinforcer.
primary reinforcer
A reinforcer that is innately satisfying; one that does not take any learning on the organism's part to make it pleasurable.
A fixed interval schedule of reinforcement is one where a behavior is reinforced ....
After a set amount of time has passed after the desired behavior.
___________ _______________ is when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
Classical conditioning
Which of the following statements is correct? Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors. Classical conditioning is involved with negative outcomes, while operant conditioning is involved with positive outcomes. Extinction occurs in classical conditioning, but not in operant conditioning. Shaping occurs in classical conditioning, but not in operant conditioning.
Classical conditioning focuses on involuntary responses, while operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.
In Pavlov's work on classical conditioning with dogs, the bell became a(n) ____________ because it was originally neutral but it became paired with the UC (food)
Conditioned stimulus
___________ means that the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are presented very close together in time.
Contiguity
______________ means that the conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus, and it must be a reliable indicator that the unconditioned stimulus is on its way.
Contingency
____________ is a classical conditioning procedure for weakening a conditioned response by associating the fear-provoking stimulus with a new response that is incompatible with the fear.
Counterconditioning
Pavlov gave food to the dog only after ringing the bell and not after any other sounds. What classically conditioned response was this designed to produce?
Discrimination
What is discrimination?
Discrimination is the process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not to others.
Which neurotransmitter has been shown to be most closely associated with reinforcement of behaviors?
Dopamine
Secondary Reinforcer
It is because of experiences this reinforcer makes you satisfied or happy.
Which of the following statements describes a fixed-ratio schedule?
It reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
Which of the following statements describes a variable-ratio schedule?
It rewards a behavior an average number of times but on an unpredictable basis.
Keith is watching his preschool teacher paint smiling animal faces on each child's art project. Keith gets a paint brush and tries to draw one, too, but in spite of his best efforts, his animal face doesn't look like the one his teacher could draw. Keith is having trouble with which step in the observational learning process?
Motor reproduction
- Imitation - Modeling
Observational learning is also known as:
Which researcher discovered the principles of classical conditioning?
Pavlov
Discrimination
Pavlov gave food to the dog only after ringing the bell and not after any other sounds. What classically conditioned response was this designed to produce?
Positive reinforcement; punishment
Smoking is hard to combat because it offers immediate _____, such a quick energy boost, and delayed _______.
schedules of reinforcement
Specific patterns that determine when a behavior will be reinforced.
What is Operant Conditioning?
Strengthened voluntary responses depending on consequences
________ ____________ is a special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea.
Taste aversion
Positive
The Skinner box approached operant conditioning by creating ________ consequences for the hungry rat pressing the lever to obtain food.
Tamara normally feeds her cat canned cat food. She noticed that every time she uses her electric can opener, her cat comes to the kitchen. What is the conditioned stimulus?
The cat coming to the kitchen
Learned
The conditioned response is the ______ response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after the pairing of a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.
When a child hears a loud noise, he cries. The family's dog often barks loudly. Each time the child sees the dog, he cries. What is the conditioned response?
The crying
- Reproduction - Motivation - Retention - Attention
The following are components of observational learning according to Bandura:
- Food - Water
The following are examples of primary reinforcers:
Taking an aspirin when you have a headache
The following best exemplifies negative reinforcement:
A dog learns to rolls over onto its side for a milk bone
The following describes a situation in which shaping occurs:
A dog salivating at the sound of a dinner bell
The following do NOT describe a process affected by operant conditioning:
Ration-interval
The following is NOT a schedule of partial reinforcement:
Remembering a family trip to the movies when visiting the same theater.
The following is an example of spontaneous recovery:
The sympathetic nervous system
The following plays an important role between conditioned stimuli and immune and endocrine functioning:
Define Classical Conditioning
The form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response.
Acquisition
The initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when these two stimuli are paired.
conditioned response (CR)
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus pairing.
positive reinforcement
The presentation of a rewarding stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
positive punishment
The presentation of an unpleasant stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior.
Define reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated.
One of the students in your class often asks questions of your professor. You see that the professor rolls her eyes each time the student asks a question. You find that you are reluctant to ask the professor a question. What have you experienced?
observational learning
The Skinner box was developed to automatically reward rats with food when they pressed a bar. This device was used to perform ___________ conditioning.
operant
Sonia's mother is often busy and doesn't pay very much attention to her. When Sonia cries or screams, her mother comes over and scolds her. Though she doesn't like being scolded, Sonia prefers some attention to no attention at all. Sonia learns that when she wants her mother's attention, she should scream or cry. What kind of learning is this?
operant conditioning
Classical conditioning can help explain the ___________ effect, which is the effect of a substance or procedure which researchers use as a control to identify the actual effects of a treatment.
placebo
Janice is trying to teach her dog to heel, so she buys a choke collar. Every time the dog strains on the leash, the collar restricts around his neck. When the dog drops back to walk beside her, the collar loosens up. In theory, this should cause the dog to learn to walk beside Janice. What type of consequence does the dog experience when he strains on the leash?
positive punishment
Dr. Jones recommends that his patients Jennifer and steve take an ibuprofen at the first symptom of a headache. The next time they each experience a headache they have very different experiences. When Steve takes the ibuprofen to help his headaches, he has an unpleasant allergic reaction to the medication. Steve never wants to take it again. When Jennifer takes the ibuprofen, her headache disappears. She definitely will take more ibuprofen in the future. For Steve, the medicine served as ______________ ________________, but for Jennifer, it worked as ____________ ______________.
positive punishment; negative reinforcement
Taste aversion can be explained by
preparedness