Chapter 6

Ivan Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n):

conditioned stimulus (CS).

Studies have shown that exposure to violence also _____ viewers when later viewing other violent acts on television.

desensitizes

Excessive rewards_______intrinsic motivation.

destroy

The elimination of a behavior is known as:

Extinction

Sarah remembers the first time she burnt her hand on the stove. This memory is a memory of an_______.

Acquisition

The law of effect articulated by E.L.Thorndike is MOST clearly highlighted by:

B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

_____ is the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus (CS). Whereas, _____ is the ability to differentiate between the CS and other stimuli that have NOT been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Generalization; discrimination

________________ are one of the most exciting scientific discoveries of the 21st century, which are frontal lobe neurons that fire in an observer's brain as if he or she was doing the action being observed!

Mirror neurons

_____ strengthens a response by reducing or removing something unwanted.

Negative reinforcement

If children get attention for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick if they find this attention to be enjoyable. This BEST illustrates:

Operant conditioning

The majority of correlational studies that have examined television/video game violence and aggressive behavior suggest that the more hours children spend watching violent shows/video games, the more likely they are to exhibit aggressive behaviors. What is one problem with these findings?

They do not prove that TV/Video games are the only or the primary cause of aggression.

Tina's goal is to raise children who enjoy playing musical instruments. Given what is known about observational learning, which action would one recommend to her?

Tina should play her own musical instrument.

Pop quizzes and random checks of quality help to produce slow, steady responding and are examples of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-Interval

Gamblers and golfers have a difficult time controlling their need to gamble and golf because of the _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Variable-Ratio

Which of the following is an indicator that you might be superstitious?

You wear your "lucky" shirt every time you take a test.

The Skinner Box, where an animal presses a lever for food and water, is also referred to as:

an operant chamber

Children may develop the expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished. This behavior is indicative of _____ in operant behavior.

cognitive processes

Conditioned (also known as secondary) reinforcers are powerful tools for shaping behavior because they have become associated with primary reinforcers. Which is NOT a secondary reinforcer?

food

Shaping was a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to:

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to _____ a behavior.

increase; decrease

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior.

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse of her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning.

To reduce the self-destructive behavior of some children, a therapist might squirt water in the children's faces whenever they bite themselves. The squirt of water is a:

positive punishment

Fido regularly chases the mail man because he is loyal and territorial of his owner. The mail man realizes that the sound of his engine is what alerts Fido to his presence and causes the dog to chase after him. The mailman decides to park at the end of the block and walk to the mailbox instead. In this scenario, the mailman has removed a_______to prevent Fido's behavior.

stimulus

Researchers are currently conducting a study of men on the relationship between movie violence viewing and sexual violence attitudes. The men will view 10 violent movies over a period of two months, and then assess their attitudes toward women and toward violent sexual acts. The researchers will most likely find that:

the men express less empathy towards women who experience sexual violence.