Chapter 6

Theory in which people make different decisions in similar ethical situations because they are in different moral development stages

Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development (CMD)

_____________ is the final stage of cognitive moral development, according to Lawrence Kohlberg.

The stage of universal ethical principles

The types of moral philosophy discussed in the text include

teleology, deontology, relativist perspective, virtue ethics, and justice

According to Kohlberg's model of cognitive moral development, different individuals make different decisions in similar ethical situations because

they are in different stages of cognitive moral development

_______ is right or acceptable behavior in terms of the consequences for the individual.

Egoism

This famous statement, "Act as if the maxim of the action were to become by will a universal law of nature," is called _______.

Kant's Categorical Imperative

John, vice president of operations at We Care, Inc., approves the illegal disposal of toxic waste at his firm's international factory. John has committed _______.

a white-collar crime

Hold that actions are the proper basis to judge morality or ethicalness

act deontologists

The rightness of each individual action must be evaluated to determine whether it produces the greatest utility for the greatest number of people

act utilitarians

Teleology is a philosophy that states that

an act is morally right or acceptable if it produces a desired result

If you feel comfortable allowing everyone in the world to see you commit an act and if your rationale for acting in a particular manner is suitable to become a universal principle guiding behavior, then committing that act is ethical

categorical imperative

Teleological philosophies that assess the moral worth of a behavior by looking at its consequences

consequentialism

Refers to moral philosophies that focus on the rights of individuals and the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than its consequences

deontology

This philosophy focuses on the preservation of individual rights and on the intentions associated with a particular behavior rather than on its consequences

deontology

Relates to observations of other cultures

descriptive relativism

Based on the evaluation of the outcomes or results of a business relationship

distributive justice

Which of the following is a correct statement? a. Distributive justice is based on the processes and activities that produce the best outcome or results. b. Interactional justice is based on the evaluation of outcomes or results of the business relationship. c. According to the relativist perspective, definitions of ethical behavior are derived objectively. d. Procedural justice is based on an evaluation of the communication process used in the business relationship. e. A moral virtue represents an acquired disposition that is valued as a part of an individual's character.

e. A moral virtue represents an acquired disposition that is valued as a part of an individual's character.

Associated with values quantified by monetary means; according to this theory, if an act produces more economic value for its effort, then it should be accepted as ethical

economic value orientation

Defines right or acceptable behavior in terms of its consequences for the individual

egoism

A long-range perspective and allows for the well-being of others although their own self-interest remains paramount

enlightened egoism

A moral philosophy is a general set of values by which different people live.

false

Focus on the end result of actions and the goodness or happiness created by them

goodness theories

The idea that pleasure is the ultimate good, or the best moral end involves the greatest balance of pleasure over pain

hedonism

A moral philosophy that places special value on ideas and ideals as products of the mind

idealism

Reject the ideas that (1) ends can be separated from the means that produce them and (2) ends, purposes, or outcomes are intrinsically good in and of themselves

instrumentalists

What type of justice exists if employees are being open, honest, and truthful in their communications at work?

interactional

Based on the relationships between organizational members, including the way employees and management treat one another

interactional justice

Fair treatment and due reward in accordance with ethical or legal standards, including the disposition to deal with perceived injustices of others

justice

Proposes that people naturally see situations from their own perspectives, and there is no objective way of resolving ethical disputes between different value systems and individuals

meta-ethical relativism

Believe only one thing is intrinsically good

monists

Refers to the specific principles or values people use to decide what is right and wrong

moral philosophy

Regard for certain behaviors as inherently right, and the determination of this rightness focuses on the individual actor, not on society

nonconsequentialism

The assumption that one person's opinion is as good as another's

normative relativism

Emphasize the means and motives by which actions are justified, and are divided into the categories of teleology and deontology

obligation theories

Often referred to as nonhedonists, take the opposite position that no one thing is intrinsically good

pluralists

considers the processes and activities that produce a particular outcome

procedural justice

Those who believe it is possible to get too much of a good thing

qualitative hedonists

Those who believe more pleasure is better

quantitative hedonists

The view that an external world exists independent of our perceptions

realism

This philosophy evaluates ethicalness subjectively on the basis of individual and group experiences

relativism

Definitions of ethical behavior are derived subjectively from the experiences of individuals and groups

relativist perspective

Conformity to general moral principles based on logic determines ethicalness

rule deontologists

Argue that general rules should be followed to decide which action is best

rule utilitarians

Refers to moral philosophies in which an act is considered morally right or acceptable if it produces some desired result, such as pleasure, knowledge, career growth, the realization of self-interest, utility, wealth, or even fame

teleology

The concept of a moral philosophy is inexact. For that reason, moral philosophies must be assessed on a continuum rather than as static entities.

true

Seeks the greatest good for the greatest number of people

utilitarianism

This philosophy defines right or acceptable actions as those that maximize total utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number of people _______.

utilitarianism

Argues that ethical behavior involves not only adhering to conventional moral standards but also considering what a mature person with a "good" moral character would deem appropriate in a given situation

virtue ethics

This philosophy assumes what is moral in a given situation is not only what conventional morality requires but also what the mature person with a "good" moral character deems appropriate

virtue ethics

Crimes perpetrated every year by nonviolent business criminals

white-collar crime