Chapter 6

When Alex kisses Joanna, her heart rate increases. Alex always wears the same cologne. Now, whenever Joanna smells Alex's cologne, her heart starts to race. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Alex's cologne

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"?

It would be unethical by today's research standards.

_____ was the first to describe classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

In the operant conditioning techniques reinforcement and punishment, what do the terms positive and negative refer to?

Positive refers to a stimulus that is added and negative refers to a stimulus that is removed.

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light.

cognitive map

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

Jamal suffers from severe migraines. His doctor prescribes him a new drug, Migrex, which takes away his migraine in no time! Jamal continues to take Migrex whenever he has a headache because it takes away the pain. What is this an example of?

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands. Dymesha falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Dymesha is then able to do headstands herself. Which type of learning is this?

observational

Byron watches as his dad hammers a nail into a piece of wood. Byron picks up his toy hammer and imitates his dad by hammering a plastic nail. Bryon is demonstrating _____.

observational learning

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

operant conditioning

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

primary

The difference between a reinforcer and a punisher is that _____.

reinforcers strengthen behavior and punishers weaken behavior

Which of the following is considered to be the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

salivating/drooling in response to the bell

Sydney is learning how to play pool. At first, her uncle reinforces her for hitting any of the pool balls. Next, he only reinforces her for hitting the pool balls into a pocket. Finally, he only reinforcers her for hitting her own pool balls into a pocket. What operant conditioning technique is Sydney's uncle using to teach her how to play pool?

shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. This return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

spontaneous recovery

Debbie's cat, Trixie, will come when called only if Debbie gives her a Temptations salmon treat. Trixie will not come when called for any other treat. This is an example of _____.

stimulus discrimination

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination

"Little Albert" learned to fear a white rat when it was paired with a loud noise. When "Little Albert" was presented with other similar stimuli that he had not been conditioned to fear, such as a white rabbit or white Santa Claus mask, he would scream and cry just the same. This is an example of _____.

stimulus generalization

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Extinction occurs in classical conditioning by repeatedly presenting the _____.

conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

_____ is defined as the gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned (i.e., conditioned) response.

Extinction

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: Next, she plans to give students a star for positive classroom participation. Students can exchange five stars to eliminate one question from their homework assignment. This is an example of:

a token economy program.

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

acquisition and extinction

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus must be presented _____ the presentation of an unconditioned stimulus in order for an association to be made.

before and during

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________.

extinction

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and a joey (baby kangaroo) moving to its motherâ s pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

instincts

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Vince is failing Chemistry. Halfway through the year, his teacher, Mr. Nye, pairs him up with Lisa. Vince has had a crush on Lisa since the seventh grade and he really wants to impress her. Mr. Nye is shocked; since getting paired up with Lisa, Vince has gotten every question right! Vince is demonstrating _____.

latent learning