Chapter 6

Working memory can hold about _____ chunks of information.

7

Armando is in middle childhood. That means he is between the ages of _____.

7 and 12

Penny is an obese 10-year-old. Her weight is at or above the ______ percentile, based on national norms.

95th

Emotional regulation difficulties that involve turning one's emotional distress inward are called _____ problems.

internalizing

When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Samantha answers, "Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me." These girls are MOST likely _____ children because they describe their friendship in terms of _____.

elementary school-age; internal qualities

Systematic harassment conducted through electronic media is called _____.

cyberbullying

Prosocial behaviors start to emerge _____.

early in life

One way that Bailey manages his feelings is through _____.

emotion regulation

Jamal is watching his best friend being bullied by some older children. Jamal is frozen with fear and unable to run and get an adult or to step in to help his friend. Jamal is most likely experiencing _____.

empathy

Eight-year-old Tamika wanted to play with her little sister's new doll. Her first thought was to take it from her, but then she thought about the fact that her sister would cry and she would get into trouble. Instead Tamika asked her sister to play together. Tamika's thought process is an example of the _____ of the frontal lobe.

executive functions

The _____ states that humans may be biologically programmed to retaliate or strike back when harmed.

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Megan acts on her immediate impulses and behaves disruptively and aggressively. Megan _____.

has externalizing tendencies

Which approach to cognitive development emphasizes dividing thinking into component steps?

information processing

Being a bully-victim is _____ being a classic victim.

less common than

The typical, classic victim of a bully is a(n) _____ child.

socially anxious

Internalizing tendencies are to externalizing tendencies as ______ are to ______.

timidity and anxiety; impulsivity

Which child is NOT in middle childhood? Latrell, who is 7 Abbie, who is 5 Norrie, who is 11 Meena, who is 9

Abbie, who is 5

Western legal systems that suggest that children who are 7 or 8 years old have attained the ability to reason are consistent with Piaget's theory because basic reasoning skills appear during the _____ period.

concrete operation

According to Piaget, middle childhood corresponds to the ______ stage of cognitive development.

concrete operations

During the _____ stage, children can reason about substances and physical reality in an adult way but cannot yet think abstractly.

concrete operations

Arthur has _____ because he tends to act on his immediate emotions and behave aggressively.

externalizing tendencies

Disruptive and aggressive behavior may indicate _____, while timidity and self-consciousness may indicate _____. Both show problems with _____.

externalizing tendencies; internalizing tendencies; emotion regulation

Chelsea is 18 years old and has just acquired her driver's license. Despite her mother's warnings, she still acts impulsively when she drives. For example, she always speeds up to "beat" yellow lights, and she changes lanes without looking. Chelsea's impulsivity may be caused by the slow development of her _____ lobes.

frontal

Elena is a shy, inhibited child who just began attending kindergarten. Which intervention would be the MOST helpful for Elena?

help her connect with a playmate right away

Lindsey believes that all the girls in her class hate her. When a girl walks by her in the hallway and does not look at her, Lindsey is convinced the girl is intentionally snubbing her. Lindsey appears to have a _____.

hostile attributional bias

According to Erikson, the failure to resolve the key psychosocial task of middle childhood will result in feelings of _____.

inferiority

Children who engage in prosocial behavior have _____ skills that allow them to think about different options and then choose a prosocial action.

information-processing

Studies in the United States and in Europe reveal that compared to their counterparts in the past, today's elementary school children are _____ physically proficient.

less

Fostering school self-efficacy involves _____.

praising children for working hard

After Jermaine accidently bumps into a fellow commuter while exiting a subway train, the commuter elbows him forcefully in the ribs on the escalator to the street. Jermaine is the victim of _____ aggression.

reactive

Matthew kicked Xavier when Xavier threatened to take Matthew's snack. Matthew is showing _____ aggression.

reactive

Because she does not have a pen and paper (or a GPS) in her car, Brittany memorizes her friend's phone directions by repeating the turns and street names in her mind over and over. Brittany is using a learning strategy called _____.

rehearsal