Chapter 6 A & P

Which bone disorder is characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption

Paget's disease

Which of the following bone disorders is not treatable with increased calcium and vitamin d?

Paget's disease

What does hyaline cartilage do?

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience

Correctly match the term and description: mature bone cell

osteocyte

The cells that maintain mature compact bone marix are __________.

osteocytes

The lacunae of bone contain

osteocytes

Correctly match the bone type with its example: sesamoid bone

patella (knee)

Correctly match the bone type with its example: irregular bone

vertebra, spinal column

What are some examples of irregular bones

vertebrae; sacrum; pelvis

Bones do NOT have a role in __________.

waste removal

Which of the following is true regarding bone remodeling

Every year 5 to 10 percent of the skeleton is replaced.

Your patient is returning for follow up 6 weeks after sustaining a non-displaced fracture of his radius. He tells you that his forearm is no longer painful, but he is concerned that he can palpate a lump in the bone at the site of the healing fracture. What is your response?

"That bump is a normal part of bone healing at this stage. As you body completes the process, the cells in your bone will gradually remodel it to its previous shape"

You are counseling a patient with osteoporosis about strategies for avoiding fractures. Which of the following comments would not be appropriate?

"You should avoid weight-bearing exercise and strength training because these types of exercise will further weaken your bones."

Match the following function of bone to its description: anchorage

As a result, we can walk, grasp objects, and breathe

What is the function of fat storage in bones

Energy source is stored in bone cavities

Which structure is the arrow pointing to?

Epiphyseal plate

What is the function of blood cell formation in bones

Hematopoiesis occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones

Correctly match the definition and term: expanded portion of the bone at its ends

Epiphysis

What is a disease in which bones lose mass and strength, becoming brittle

Osteoporosis

The word root ____ means one that breaks or destroys

-clast

What are the stages of intramembranous ossification

1. Osteoblasts synthesize and produce osteoid 2. Mineralization and entrapment of osteoblasts 3. Osteocytes - centers of ossification throughout the CT layer 4. Spongy bone formation 5. Compact bone formation

zones of epiphyseal plate

1. Zone of resting cartilage 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. Zone of calcified cartilage 5. Zone of ossification

How many bones are in the human body?

206 bones ( over 300 at birth that fuse together)

Select the statement that best describes most long bones at the time of birth

A bony diaphysis with a widening medullary cavity, and two cartilaginous epiphyses

Match the type of cartilage to its correct description: Fibrocartilage.

Able to withstand heavy loads and absorb shock

In which of the labeled parts of the adult long bone would hematopoietic tissue be located?

B Hematopoietic tissue is found in the red bone marrow within certain body locations consisting of spongy bone. Examples include the diploe of flat bones and the proximal epiphyses of the femur and humerus (pictured).

When does calcification occur in cartilage

Bone growth in youth and old age

Bones serve as an important reservoir of __________.

Calcium

What is the function of mineral and growth factor storage in bones

Calcium and phosphorus, growth factors reservoir

Hydroxyapatites in bone matrix that give bone it's hardness are primarily composed of

Calcium phosphates

What event leads to elongation of the bone

Chondrocyte hypertrophy and deterioration

In a car accident, the injuries to the driver include a fractured femur. Part of the broken end of the diaphysis of the femur is visibly penetrating through the skin in the thigh area. Which of the following properly classified this fracture?

Displaced, complete, open (compound)

Match the following: respiratory cartilages

Form the skeleton of the larynx and reinforce other respiratory passages

What tissue is the epiphyseal plate made of

Hyaline cartilage

What does hypocalcemia lead to?

Hyperexcitablility

What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

Includes the bones of girdles and the limbs.

When assessing Liliana's condition relative to her tibia fracture after the open reduction, the nurse will be especially alert for signs of which of these problems

Infeciton

What is the function of movement in bones

Levers for muscle action

Osteoblasts release which of the following?

Matrix vesicles studded with the enzyme alkaline phosphatase

What are the cells that build bone matrix

Osteoblasts

What is the function of hormone production in bones

Osteocalcin secreted by bones helps regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism

Determine the scenario that reduces the mass of a long bone.

Osteoclast activity is greater than osteoblast activity.

Bones is broken down by

Osteoclasts

If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?

Rickets

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: fossa

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Correctly match the term and description: epiphyseal plate

Site of length increase in long bones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: tubercle

Small rounded projection or process

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: immature spongy bone and periosteum form

Stage 3

Match the description to the correct stage of intramembranous ossification: compact bone replaces immature spongy bone, just deep to the periosteum, and red marrow develops

Stage 4

Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests that she take all of the following courses of action except?

Start taking synthetic parathyroid hormone

Select the true statement regarding appositional growth of a long bone

The long bone increases in thickness, or diameter.

What is the function of support in bones

To protect body and soft organs

What is the function of protection in bones

To protect brain, spinal cord, vital organs

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: trochanter

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Rickets can be caused by a deficiency of __________.

Vitamin D

What is osteocalcin

a calcium-binding protein in bones, essential for normal mineralization

Yellow marrow is useful as __________.

a tissue that may revert back to red marrow if a person needs more red blood cells

What are the two types of growth in cartilage?

appositional and interstitial

Cartilage can grow in which of the following ways?

appositional growth and interstitial growth

What are examples of hyaline cartilage

articular, costal, respiratory, nasal

What are the two groups of bones

axial and appendicular

The bones in the long axis of the body make up the

axial skeleton

The word root _____ means embryonic or formative cell.

blast

During bone growth, which significant event occurs at the surface indicated by the letter D?

bone resorption

What are sesamoid bones?

bones that develop from tendons (patella)

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: dead cartilage cells appear; matrix begins deteriorating

calcification zone

Select the hormone that lowers blood calcium levels when administered at high pharmacological doses.

calcitonin

Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children

calcitonin

PTH (parathyroid hormone) promotes the formation of which hormone

calcitriol

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels?

calcitriol

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: meatus

canal-like passageway

Osteocytes maintain contact allowing them to communicate and permitting nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next through __________.

canaliculi

Which of the following are tiny canals that connect the central canal of an osteon to the osteocytes?

canaliculi

Correctly match the bone type with its example: short bone

carpal (wrist)

What are some examples of short bones

carpals and tarsals (wrist)

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: sinus

cavity within a bone

Where is the axial skeleton?

central axis of the body

Cartilage tissue features ____ within small cavities called lacunae

chondrocytes

What is cartilage made of?

chondrocytes, cells encased in small cavities (lacunae) within jelly-like extracellular matrix

Match the description to the correct answer regarding bone tissue: Major organic fiber of bone.

collagen

What is hyaline cartilage made of

collagen fibers

A patient is brought to the emergency room with a broken bone. According to the x-ray, the bone is fragmented into three pieces. This would be considered a __________.

comminuted fracture

What do irregular bones look like?

complex shapes with short, flat, notched, or ridged surfaces

Match the following: costal cartilages

connect the ribs to the sternum

What is the perichondrium?

connective tissue surrounding cartilage

Match the following: articular cartilages

cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints

What do short bones look like?

cube shaped

What is calcification?

deposition of calcium salts

What is elastic cartilage made of

elastic fibers

Correctly match the definition and term: replacement of hyaline cartilage with bony tissue to form a bone

endochondral ossification

What are some examples of elastic cartilage

external ear, epiglottis

What are some examples of long bones

femur, humerus, tibia, fibula

The pad like menisci of the knee joints contain

fibrocartilage

Match the description to the correct stage of bone repair: activity of fibroblasts and osteoblasts creates an overgrown splint around the fracture site

fibrocartilage callus

Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of __________.

fibrous membranes and hyaline cartilage

A narrow, slit like opening in a bone is referred to as a

fissure

Intramembranous ossification is mostly responsible for forming which type of bone

flat bone

What type of bone is the sternum?

flat bone

Correctly match the opening or depression in bone with its correct name: groove

furrow

What are the three levels of bone structure

gross, microscopic, chemical

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________.

growth hormone

What is interstitial growth?

growth in length

What is appositional growth?

growth in width

Correctly match the description of the bony projection with its name: bony expansion carried in a narrow neck

head

The word root ____ means blood

hema

Select the correct sequence of fracture repair steps

hematoma forms, fibrocartilaginous callus forms, bony callus forms, bone remodeling occurs.

Blood cells are formed by the process of

hematopoiesis

Which function of bone tissue occurs in the red bone marrow

hematopoiesis

What is skeletal cartilage made of?

highly resilient, molded cartilage tissue that consists primarily of water

When problems with blood forming tissue are suspected, clinicians obtain tissue samples from the _____________ because the red bone marrow in this location is highly active in hematopoiesis.

hip bone

What are the three types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones

hydroxyapatite

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: older cartilage cells enlarge

hypertrophic zone

Which of the following would not be a way that PTH could alter plasma calcium levels

increase osteoblasts on bone

What are some examples of fibrocartilage?

intervertebral disc, labrum, discs in pubic symphysis, TMJ joint, menisci of knee

Which of the following is not composed of hyaline cartilage

intervertebral discs

What type of bone is the lumbar vertebrae

irregular

Match the description to the correct answer: bone with a complex shape

irregular bone

What is the term for the layers of bony matrix surrounding the vessels and nerve

lamellae

Where is the appendicular skeleton

limbs

Match the type of cartilage to its correct description: elastic cartilage

located in the external ear and epiglottis

Match the description to the correct answer: has a length greater than width

long bone

What type of bone is the humerus

long bone

What are the four shapes of bones

long, short, flat, irregular

What do long bones look like?

longer than they are wide

Correctly match the definition and term: hollow space in the shaft of a long bone

medullary cavity

Which of the following is true with respect to hyaline cartilage

most abundant skeletal cartilage

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: crest

narrow ridge of bone

The word root ___ means bone

oste

Correctly match the term and description: bone-building cell

osteoblast

Calcium is released by the action of ____ which break down bone matrix

osteoclasts

A bone disorder that affects adults and has symptoms that are similar to rickets is called __________.

osteomalacia

All of the following belong to spongy bone, except

osteons

Correctly match the term and description: bone stem cell

osteoprogenitor cell

Bone-forming cells originate from __________.

osteoprogenitor cells

The hormonal control of bone remodeling primarily involves which of the following

parathyroid hormone

When Ca2+ concentration in the blood becomes lower than normal, __________.

parathyroid hormone is released

The word root ___ means around or enclosing

peri

Correctly match the definition and term: fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the outer surface of long bone

periosteum

The connective tissue membrane that encloses a bone is the

periosteum

Which of the following correctly pairs the structure at c with its primary component

periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue

Osteoporosis occurs most often in ____________________.

postmenopausal women

Correctly match the term and description: diaphysis

primary ossification center

Match the description to the correct zone in longitudinal growth of a long bone: cartilage cells undergo mitosis

proliferation zone

Collagen fibers do not

provide for bone hardness

What does elastic cartilage do

provides flexible, elastic support

What does fibrocartilage do?

resists compression and absorbs shock

What does the perichondrium do

resists outward expansion

Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely upon this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins.

ribosomes

Which of the following bones belong to the axial skeleton

ribs

Match the description to the correct answer: sesame seed-shaped bone formed in a tendon

sesamoid bone

In adolescence, the growth spurt that is observed is mainly attributed to an increase in

sex hormones

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: spine

sharp, slender, often pointed projection

What type of bone is the talus?

short

Match the description to the correct answer: approximately equal in length and width

short bone

What is the axial skeleton composed of?

skull, vertebral column, rib cage

During a football game, a player fractures his leg bone when his foot plants into the turf, but several opposing players continue to push him forward. The doctor explains that the diagonal break across the bone was due to intense twisting forces. Select the type of fracture involved in this example.

spiral

Correctly match the definition and term: location of red bone marrow in an adult

spongy bone

Correctly match the bone type with its example: flat bone

sternum (breastbone)

What are some examples of flat bones

sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones

What are the seven functions of bones

support, protection, movement, mineral and growth factor storage, blood cell formation, triglyceride storage, hormone production

Match the following: nasal cartilage

supports external nose

Why are bones organs?

they contain different types of tissues

What is fibrocartilage made of?

thick collagen fibers

What do flat bones look like?

thin, flattened, and usually curved

Correctly match the definition and term: a hormone that modulates the activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper bone formation

thyroid hormone

Correctly match the description of the projection with its name: Large, rough, rounded projections.

tuberosity

Which of the following is classified as a short bone

wrist bone

The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as fat in

yellow marrow