Chapter 6 Anatomy questions

long, cylindrical structure oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone

osteon

the bone breaks incompletely (one side breaks and the other side bends)

greenstick

A cavity within bone, filled with air and lined with mucous membrane, is known as a __________.

sinus

Chondroblasts in the proliferation zone of the epiphyseal plates of a growing person __________. undergo mitosis are partly eroded by osteoclasts, then covered by osteoblasts are dying, leaving trabeculae on the diaphysis side of the epiphyseal plate are replaced by membrane enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify

undergo mitosis

The annulus fibrosus portion of the intervertebral discs consists of which type of tissue? fibrocartilage hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage None of the listed responses is correct.

fibrocartilage

glassy, imperceptible collagen fibers

hyaline cartilage

The healing of a simple fracture occurs in which order of the following phases? hematoma formation bony callus formation fibrocartilaginous callus formation bone remodeling

1,3,2,4.

Endochondral ossification proceeds through the following stages, in which order? Bone collar forms around the diaphysis. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. The periosteal bud invades the diaphysis, and the first bone trabeculae form. Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis.

1,4,3,2.

Typical connective tissue cartilage contains no nerves or blood vessels, and is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue.

True

By which week of development do most long bones have obvious primary ossification centers? week 8 week 40 week 3 week 12

week 12

The medullary cavity of a long bone is filled with __________. yellow bone marrow red bone marrow osteoblasts yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow red bone marrow and osteoblasts

yellow bone marrow

genetic; results in inhibition of cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plates and early closure of epiphyseal plates

achondroplasia

Match the words in the left column to the appropriate blanks in the sentences on the right. Make certain each sentence is complete before submitting your answer. 1. : genetic; results in inhibition of cartilage proliferation at epiphyseal plates, and early closure of epiphyseal plates 2. : compact bone becomes thinner and less dense; spongy bone has fewer trabeculae; vertebral column is most vulnerable 3. : osteoid matrix is secreted, but calcification does not occur, and bones soften and weaken 4. : leads to malformation of head and rib cage; epiphyseal plates not replaced by calcified bone; epiphyseal plates become thick 5. : bacterial infection of bone and bone marrow; pathogen enters from surrounding tissue or bloodstream, or follows a compound bone fracture

achondroplasia osteoporosis osteomalacia rickets osteomyelitis

The only bones formed by intramembranous ossification that are NOT in the skull are the __________. clavicles patellae carpals and tarsals first two cervical vertebrae

clavicles

The most abundant type of cartilage is hyaline cartilage, which has _________ fibrils in its matrix

collagen

bone fragments into three or more pieces

comminuted

Which type of fracture is common in osteoporotic bones subjected to extreme trauma? comminuted compressed depressed epiphyseal spiral

compressed

Fractures common in the elderly are comminuted and __________ fractures. compression spiral depression epiphyseal

compression

A deficiency of osteocalcin would cause __________. fat cells to store less fat and the secretion of a hormone that decreases the insulin sensitivity of cells bone to have increasingly higher mineral content osteoclasts to break down bone faster fat cells to store more fat and the pancreas to secrete less insulin

fat cells to store more fat and the pancreas to secrete less insulin

annulus fibrosus of intervertebral discs and meniscus

fibrocartilage

Which component of bone tissue makes bone hard? mineral salts collagen fibers osteocytes canaliculi

mineral salts

The facial bones of the skull are formed by which process? interstitial growth appositional growth endochondral ossification intramembranous ossification None of the listed responses is correct.

intramembranous ossification

In bone, an indentation at the edge of a structure is known as a __________. notch groove fissure fossa ridge

notch

In which region of the epiphyseal plates (of children) are bony spicules destroyed (from within the diaphysis) by osteoclasts at the same rate that they are formed at the epiphysis? hypertrophic zone ossification zone calcification zone proliferation zone

ossification zone

Bone deposition is accomplished by __________. osteoclasts osteoblasts osteocytes chondroblasts chondrocytes

osteoblasts

During bone remodeling, bone deposition is accomplished by ________________.

osteoblasts

bone-forming cells

osteoblasts

mature bone cells, which are spider-shaped

osteocytes

organic part of bone matrix

osteoid

Which bone disorder is caused by vitamin D deficiency in adults? Paget's disease osteosarcoma rickets osteomalacia

osteomalacia

bones are inadequately mineralized; bones are soft and weak; occurs in adults

osteomalacia

chemical composition of bone is normal; bone resorption far outpaces bone deposition

osteoporosis

often affects young people between 10 and 25 years; usually originates near knee; alters affected bone by eroding medullary cavity internally and compact bone externally

osteosarcoma

Bone resorption is influenced by __________. parathyroid hormone growth hormone thyroid hormone androgens estrogens

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone both promotes growth of the epiphyseal plates at the beginning of adolescence, and later induces closure of the epiphyseal plates? parathyroid hormone growth hormone sex hormones (androgens and estrogens) thyroid hormones None of the listed responses is correct.

sex hormones (androgens and estrogens)

ragged break occurs due to excessive twisting

spiral

In flat bones, the internal spongy bone is called diploë, which is covered by a thin connective tissue membrane called .

Endosteum

In compact bone, through the core of each osteon runs a canal called the , which contains its own blood vessels and nerve fibers.

Haversian canal

Put the steps of intramembranous ossification in the correct order. Bone matrix is secreted within fibrous membrane. Bone collar of compact bone forms and red marrow appears. Ossification center appears in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. Woven bone and periosteum form. 3, 1, 2, 4 3, 1, 4, 2 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 1, 4, 3 None of the listed responses is correct.

3,1,4,2.

Which of the following statements about bones is true? Normal bone composition is about 65% organic components and 35% inorganic hydroxyapatites. A bone soaked in a weak acid will become very brittle due to loss of organic components. Bones grow thicker in response to the forces experienced during exercise. A person whose epiphyseal plates have closed may grow taller due to appositional growth.

Bones grow thicker in response to the forces experienced during exercise.

Bone resorption, a key process involved in bone remodeling, is accomplished by cells with many nuclei called osteoblasts.

False

The epiphyseal line between the diaphysis and each epiphysis of an adult long bone is a disc of hyaline cartilage that grows longer to lengthen the bone.

False

What is the importance of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage? It forms the lacunae that surround chondrocytes. It functions in growth and repair of cartilage. It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure. Perichondrium is the type of cartilage that forms the epiglottis. It forms articular discs.

It functions in growth and repair of cartilage It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure

What is the importance of the perichondrium that surrounds cartilage? It forms the lacunae that surround chondrocytes. It helps to keep the cartilage avascular. It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in growth and repair of cartilage. It forms articular discs in the knee and jaw. Cells in the perichondrium break down dead and dying cartilage cells and function in removing dead cartilage cells through the lymphatic system.

It resists outward expansion when cartilage is subjected to pressure and functions in growth and repair of cartilage.

What role does parathyroid hormone play in regulation of bone tissue? It provides tensile strength to bones. It stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood when the concentration of calcium in body fluids is low. It decreases calcium levels in the blood. It is the hormone that helps bone maintains its organic content.

It stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood when the concentration of calcium in body fluids is low

As a researcher, you are exploring possible ways to treat achondroplasia. Which of the following mechanisms might work in treatment? Administering growth hormone Giving anabolic steroids Administering fibroblastic growth factor None of the listed responses will work.

None of the listed responses will work.

What is the effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on bone tissue? PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood when the concentration of calcium in body fluids is low. PTH provides tensile strength to bones. PTH increases the rate of mineral deposition in compact bone. PTH is the hormone that helps bone maintains its organic content.

PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone and release calcium into the blood when the concentration of calcium in body fluids is low.

Which clinical condition is characterized by excessive rates of bone deposition and bone resorption? rickets osteoporosis osteomalacia Paget's disease None of the listed responses is correct.

Paget's disease

excessive rate of bone deposition and resorption; high ratio of immature woven bone to mature compact bone; osteoblasts outpace osteoclasts; bones thicken in an irregular manner

Paget's disease

Cartilage grows via either appositional growth or interstitial growth, whereas, endochondral bones grow only via appositional growth.

True

Osteocytes function in maintaining the bone matrix.

True

Growth of a bone by addition of bone tissue to its surface is____________ growth.

appositional

Cartilage-forming cells in the perichondrium actively secrete matrix in a process called __________.

appositional growth

Which type of bone growth involves the addition of bone tissue to its surfaces? appositional growth interstitial growth endochondral growth None of the listed responses is correct.

appositional growth

Compression and tension exerted on bones is greatest __________. in regions of spongy bone in the medullary cavity only on the heads of bones at external bone surfaces

at external bone surfaces

What is the function of the deep layer of periosteum? calcium storage resisting tension placed on bone during bending bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts cartilage cell formation All of the listed responses are correct.

bone remodeling by osteoblasts and osteoclasts

The tubular forms the long axis of a long bone.

diaphysis

The epiglottis consists of which type of tissue? hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage spongy bone None of the listed responses is correct.

elastic cartilage

tolerates repeated bending

elastic cartilage

Which of the following is a characteristic of endosteum that it shares with periosteum? endosteum covers the trabeculae of spongy bone endosteum is a thinner tissue than periosteum endosteum is osteogenic endosteum covers internal bone surfaces All of the choices are differences between periosteum and endosteum.

endosteum is osteogenic

fracture that tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and matrix calcification is occurring

epiphyseal

Secondary ossification occurs in the of long bones.

epiphysis

Osteoclasts originate from what type of precursor cells? osteogenic cells hematopoietic stem cells osteoblasts mesenchyme cells bone marrow

hematopoietic stem cells

In growing cartilage, older cartilage cells of the __________ zone enlarge and signal the surrounding matrix to calcify.

hypertrophic

A __________ is a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction.

lamella

A _______________ is a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction.

lamella

In osteons, a layer of the bone matrix (osteoid) in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals run in a single direction is known as a __________.

lamella

"Canal-like passageway" describes a bone marking called __________. foramen groove meatus fossa fissure

meatus

During intramembranous ossification, which of the listed types of tissue is replaced by bone? osteoblasts hyaline cartilage fibrocartilage osteoclasts mesenchyme

mesenchyme

What are the thick bundles of collagen that run from the periosteum into the bone matrix, functioning to secure the periosteum to its underlying bone? interstitial lamellae perforating fibers bony spicules circumferential lamellae

perforating fibers

At the end of week 8 of development, the perichondrium surrounding the diaphysis is invaded by blood vessels and becomes a component of bone-forming __________

periosteum

Vascularized mesenchyme that condenses on the external surface of woven bone during intramembranous ossification forms the .

periosteum

Functions of bones include all of the following, EXCEPT __________. movement mineral storage fat (energy) storage blood cell formation protein storage

protein storage

Within trabecular bone, the open spaces between the trabeculae are filled with __________. hyaline cartilage yellow bone marrow red bone marrow red or yellow bone marrow None of the listed responses is correct.

red or yellow bone marrow

leads to malformation of head and rib cage; epiphyseal plates not replaced by calcified bone; epiphyseal plates become thick

rickets