Chapter 6

What is a triglyceride? Multiple choice question. A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol Three-carbon alcohol molecule A waxy lipid found in all body cells A fatty acid molecule containing three carbon-carbon double bonds

A molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

In _________ fatty acids, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons are on the same side of the carbon chain.

Blank 1: cis or cis fatty acids

If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs after the 6th carbon, it is called an omega-_________ fatty acid.

Blank 1: six, 6, omega-6, or omega 6

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation. Multiple choice question. Eicosanoids Triglycerides Carbohydrates Amino acids

Eicosanoids

__________ are hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids.

Eicosanoids or Prostaglandins

What are some good food sources of omega-6 essential fatty acids? Multiple select question. Sunflower oil Beef Poultry Margarine and shortening

Sunflower oil Beef Poultry

Which type of lipid does not contain any carbon-carbon double bonds? Multiple choice question. Omega-3 fatty acids Saturated fatty acids Monounsaturated fatty acids Unsaturated fatty acids

Saturated fatty acids

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed? Multiple choice question. Small intestine Large intestine Stomach Gallbladder

Small intestine

Which type of lipid is most commonly found in both food and in the body? Multiple choice question. Complex Sterols Phospholipids Triglycerides

Triglycerides

_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy. Multiple choice question. Carbohydrates Fiber Triglycerides Proteins

Triglycerides

_________, a type of lipid, are the body's main storage form of energy. Multiple choice question. Phospholipids Sterols Triglycerides Fatty acids

Triglycerides

If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs between the 3rd and 4th carbon from the methyl end, it's called _______ fatty acid. Multiple choice question. an omega-6 a saturated a trans an omega-3

an omega-3

Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______. Multiple choice question. remain attached are unattached change their structure get converted to another macronutrient

are unattached

A polyunsaturated fatty acid has ____ location(s) in the carbon chain that is(are) not saturated with hydrogen. Multiple choice question. one at least two no at least three

at least two

Subcutaneous fat is located _____. Multiple choice question. surrounding some organs deep within the belly just beneath the skin

just beneath the skin

Which compound's role is to help transport lipids through the water-based blood and lymphatic systems? Multiple choice question. sterol triglyceride phospholipid lipoprotein

lipoprotein

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process? Multiple choice question. antioxidant chylomicron micelle lipase

micelle

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020, cholesterol intake should be _____. Multiple choice question. less than 200 mg/day less than 300 mg/day minimized while maintaining a healthy diet

minimized while maintaining a healthy diet

Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids. Multiple choice question. monounsaturated polyunsaturated omega-6 saturated

monounsaturated

Which naming system for fatty acids indicates where the double bond closest to the methyl end of the fatty acid chain occurs? Multiple choice question. alpha system delta system beta system omega system

omega system

A monounsaturated fatty acid has ________ location(s) in the carbon chain that is not saturated with hydrogen.

one or 1

What is the recommendation for the intake of saturated fat according to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020? Multiple choice question. more than 10% of total calories starting at age 2 less than 7% of calories starting at age 2 eat as little as possible no more than 10% of calories starting at age 2

no more than 10% of calories starting at age 2

The carbon chains of fatty acids vary in the _____ of the chain. Multiple choice question. density weight shape

shape

The carbon chains of fatty acids vary in the _____ of the chain. Multiple choice question. shape density weight

shape

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______. Multiple choice question. subcutaneous visceral

subcutaneous

Identify the ways in which the carbon chains of free fatty acids can differ. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. the amount of kcal they provide to the body the ease at which they can be converted to glucose the number of carbons in the chain the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen

the number of carbons in the chain the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen

Hormone-like compounds synthesized from polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids, include _____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. thromboxanes eicosanoids arachidonic acids prostaglandins

thromboxanes eicosanoids prostaglandins

A ______ fatty acid has hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons on the opposite sides of the carbon chain. Multiple choice question. trans cis

trans

In a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens attached to the double-bonded carbons zigzag back and forth across the carbon chain. Multiple choice question. cis saturated trans

trans

Those who do not consume enough ________ may be unable to absorb sufficient amounts of fat-soluble vitamins. Multiple choice question. proteins triglycerides carbohydrates trans fats

triglycerides

Short-chain fatty acids are usually less than ______ carbons in length. Multiple choice question. 10 6 12 3

6

Short-chain fatty acids are usually less than ______ carbons in length. Multiple choice question. 10 6 3 12

6

A medium-chain fatty acid is ________ carbons in length. Multiple choice question. 3 to 5 6 to 10 15 to 26 12 to 24

6 to 10

Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats. Multiple select question. Bile slows the process of lipid digestion. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile emulsifies fats.

Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile emulsifies fats.

_________ is a sterol used by the body to make both sex and adrenal hormones as well as the active form of vitamin D.

Cholesterol

Which statements are true about sterols? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Cholesterol is a common example. They contain phosphorus. They contain one single ring structure. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Cholesterol is a common example. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

______ are fatty acids that have been released from the glycerol backbone. Multiple choice question. Free fatty acids Monoglycerides Esterified fatty acids Diglycerides

Free fatty acids

What does phosphate allow phospholipids to do? Multiple choice question. Function in watery environments Burn energy at a higher rate Transport nutrients to areas of the body Bond with other nutrients

Function in watery environments

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids? Multiple select question. Olive oil Coconut oil Peanut oil Shortening

Olive oil Peanut oil canola oil

What is the key role of HDL? Multiple choice question. Carries lipids both taken up and made by the liver to cells Carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body

Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body

What is the term for a compound containing a core of lipids with a shell composed of protein, phospholipid, and cholesterol? Multiple choice question. Sterol Bile acid Triglyceride Lipoprotein

Lipoprotein

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. Regulate glucose absorption. Make sex hormones. Form cell membranes. Make bile.

Make sex hormones. Form cell membranes. Make bile.

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses? Multiple select question. They are stable They are calorie dense They last about a week in the cell and then are released They are the body's main storage form of energy

They are stable They are calorie dense They are the body's main storage form of energy

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body? Multiple select question. To insulate and protect the body To aid in transport of water-soluble vitamins To provide energy To provide building blocks for enzymes To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins

To insulate and protect the body To provide energy To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. because we must get them from food because our bodies are unable to synthesize them because we can make fatty acids with a double bond before the 9th carbon, counting from the omega end because we can make fatty acids with a double bond before the 4th carbon, counting from the omega end

because we must get them from food because our bodies are unable to synthesize them

The difference between a cis and trans fatty acid is that in a ______ fatty acid, the hydrogens are attached to the double-bonded carbons on the same side of the carbon chain. Multiple choice question. saturated trans cis

cis

Which kind of fatty acid has at least 12 carbon atoms? Multiple choice question. long-chain short-chain medium-chain

long-chain

A long-chain fatty acid typically has ______ or more carbon atoms. Multiple choice question. 24 18 6 12

12

What are some examples of medium-chain fatty acids? Multiple select question. Palm kernel oil Coconut oil Lamb Beef

Palm kernel oil Coconut oil

Select all that apply What are the three types of lipids? Multiple select question. Phospholipids Electrolytes Triglycerides Sterols Lactose

Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role? Multiple select question. Decreasing hormone production Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function

Regulating cell division rates Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function

Pair the type of fatty acid with its correct structure. Instructions Saturated fatty acid Monounsaturated fatty acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid Options: One carbon-carbon double bond Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds No carbon-carbon double bond

Saturated fatty acid No carbon-carbon double bond Monounsaturated fatty acid One carbon-carbon double bond Polyunsaturated fatty acid Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are ________ fatty acids. Multiple choice question. trans saturated essential monounsaturated

essential

The process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called _______.

esterification

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____. Multiple choice question. their short carbon chains the presence of phosphorus the presence of nitrogen their multi-ringed structure

their multi-ringed structure

______ fats contain no carbon-carbon double bonds, whereas ______ fats contain carbon-carbon double bonds. Multiple choice question. Monounsaturated, saturated Polyunsaturated, saturated Saturated, unsaturated Unsaturated, saturated

Saturated, unsaturated

Which of the following organs are involved in fat digestion? Choose all that apply. Multiple select question. Esophagus Large intestine Small intestine Pancreas Liver

Small intestine Pancreas Liver

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption, starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestine. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. Lipase begins cleaving short-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride in the stomach. Bile emulsifies the fats Pancreatic lipase cleaves long-chain fatty acids off the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride.

A fatty acid is considered a saturated fatty acid when all the bonds between carbons are single connections and the other carbon bonds are filled with _____________.

hydrogens

The release of fatty acids from glycerol is known as _________. Multiple choice question. hydrolysis lipid release esterification lipid extraction

hydrolysis

The release of fatty acids from glycerol is known as _________. Multiple choice question. lipid extraction lipid release hydrolysis esterification

hydrolysis

Phosphate gives ____________ the ability to be soluble in both water and fat. Multiple choice question. phospholipids fat carbohydrates cholesterol

phospholipids

A ______ fatty acid has 2 or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen. Multiple choice question. saturated polyunsaturated diunsaturated desaturated

polyunsaturated

Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ system. Multiple choice question. portal nervous endocrine lymphatic

portal

What are the different names of fatty acids based on? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton number of glycerol bonds along the carbon skeleton

position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton

Good food sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids are ____. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. safflower oil shortening corn oil sunflower oil

safflower oil corn oil sunflower oil