Chapter 6 Child Development

The majority of the motor cortex is used to control the a. fingers and toes. b. arms and legs. c. mouth and hands. d. heart and respiratory system.

A.B.C

The cause of cerebral palsy is: a. brain injury during prenatal development or during the birth process itself. b. a lack of stimulation during the early months of development. c. a massive overgrowth of brain synapses and the lack of synaptic pruning. d. a diet severely lacking in adequate amounts of protein

A

The differentiation between sounds begins a. in the womb. b. immediately after birth. c. at approximately two months of life. d. at approximately six months of life.

A

The frontal lobe of the brain is primarily responsible for: a. complex thoughts, movement, language, and self-control. b. the basic functions of the body, such as breathing, cardiac rhythm, and blood pressure. c. controlling balance and movement. d. the expression and experience of emotions, memories, and sensations.

A

The group of adolescents who typically have the most positive self-image, are the most confident, and have high social status among their peers is the: a. early maturing boys. b. late maturing boys. c. early maturing girls. d. late maturing girls.

A

The condition of cerebral palsy involves: a. difficulties establishing and maintaining social interactions. b. difficulties with coordination, movement, muscle tone, and speech. c. a rapid deterioration of muscle tissue, eventually leading to death. d. a condition in which fatty substances are not broken down properly and collect in the nerve cells in the brain.

B

With regard to bodily proportions: a. an infant's arms are longer in relation to the length of their torso than older children. b. the torso grows first, and later the arms and legs catch up in proportion. c. a baby's head is very large in proportion to the rest of his body. d. the proportion of an infant are very similar to those of an adult, which is why we find babies to be so cute.

C

_____________ is a condition in which the person has difficulty with social interaction, problems with verbal and nonverbal communication, and compulsive behavior or interests. a. Duchenne muscular dystrophy b. Cerebral palsy c. Autism d. Schizophrenia

C

Among the five most common sexually-transmitted diseases, the highest prevalence is for a. gonorrhea. b. syphilis. c. chlamydia. d. the human papillomavirus.

D

At what age do boys typically end the adolescent growth spurt? a. 13 to 14 years of age b. 14 to 15 years of age c. 15 to 16 years of age d. 16 to 17 years of age

D

Food insecurity is a situation in which a. people are uncertain whether the diet they are consuming has an adequate amount of calories or nutrients. b. individuals consume more calories than they need but they still refuse to admit that they are overweight. c. there is a deficiency of calories or one or more nutrients in a family diet. d. food is not consistently available, so the people overeat when it is.

D

Infants develop a preference for the taste of their local food because a. this information is passed genetically from mother to infant. b. smell is the most highly developed sense in a newborn infant. c. all infants prefer sweet flavors, which are the predominant taste in most cuisines. d. mother's milk and amniotic fluid take of some of the flavor of foods the mother eats.

D

The ___________________ controls our basic functions, such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure. a. frontal lobe. b. cerebellum. c. corpus callosum. d. brain stem.

D

The best research evidence today supports the idea that autism: a. is caused by a cold, rejecting mother. b. can be improved, if not cured, by diet modification. c. is triggered by an environmental toxin. d. has a genetic component and/or structural differences in the brain.

D

The difficulty in estimating the number of cases of HIV/AIDS among adolescents is that: a. most infected adolescents do not seek treatment so they are never counted. b. some adolescents who initially show symptoms do not go on to develop the disease. c. HIV/AIDS is often mistaken for another bacterial infection among young people. d. the infection takes about 10 years to develop so an infected adolescent may not show symptoms until he or she is in their 20s.

D

The normal pruning that occurs in the prefrontal cortex (the portion of the brain that has to do with judgment and impulse control) is not complete until: a. age 6 b. the child is 8 to 10 years old. c. early adolescence. d. well into adolescence or early adulthood.

D

What percentage of childhood allergies are caused by six common foods: milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, and wheat? a. 25% b. 40% c. 75% d. 90%

D

Which of the following describes the proximodistal direction of myelination of motor neurons? a. Head, neck, shoulders, arms b. Crawl, stand, walk, run c. Hands, feet, arms, legs d. Torso, arms, hands, fingers

D

Which of the senses is least developed at birth? a. Hearing b. Smell c. Touch d. Vision

D

With regard to the fight again childhood obesity a. close to 50% of American children are now considered obese. b. the number of children considered "obese" is still increasing, but the rate is decreasing. c. the number of children considered "obese" is still increasing and the rate continues to increase. d. the percent of children considered "obese" has not increased in the last few years.

D

Although the adolescent pregnancy rate has declined, the group that continues to be at great risk is adolescents who: a. are black or Hispanic. b. come from large families. c. live in families with more sisters than brothers. d. live in urban settings.

A

An advantage of being breastfed for an infant is that: a. breast milk contains antibodies from the mother that can help fight off infections. b. infants who are born to mothers who are HIV-positive can better fight off the disease. c. breastfeeding is associated with higher scores on intelligence tests in childhood. d. the infant gains more weight more quickly than bottle fed infants.

A

As an infant's brain continues to produce many synaptic connections: a. the connections that are not used will be pruned, deteriorate and disappear. b. the number of synapses will begin to catch up with the number of neurons. c. neurons will begin to die off and are replaced by new neurons. d. each neuron will add new synapses but will lose axons and dendrites.

A

At what age do girls typically begin the adolescent growth spurt? a. 9 to 10 years of age b. 10 to 11 years of age c. 11 to 12 years of age d. 12 to 13 years of age

A

In terms of the timing of puberty: a. early maturation is a disadvantage for boys. b. being a late maturing boy has advantages. c. early maturation has a number of advantages for boys. d. being early or late has very little impact on boys.

A

Infant massage has been shown to a. be ineffective in improving infant growth. b. improve conditions such as anxiety or HIV. c. improve vision. d. decrease blood flow.

A

Synaptogenesis in the area of the brain responsible for __________ has greatly diminished by the time children enter early childhood. a. vision, hearing, and language b. coordination and balance c. future planning d. memory

A

The most effective programs to prevent eating disorders are ones that: a. provide adolescents with a good deal of information about the harmful effects of eating disorders. b. target high-risk groups rather than the general adolescent population and focus on older rather than younger adolescents. c. identify adolescents who are genetically at risk of developing an eating disorder and provide intensive interventions for that group. d. target males rather than females, because the rate of eating disorders among males is increasing at a much faster rate than among females.

A

The recommendation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture is that: a. fruits and vegetables should comprise one-half of each plate of food we eat. b. meat and other proteins should comprise one-half of each plate of food we eat. c. children should not be given full-fat milk or dairy products. d. children should only be fed organic fruits and vegetables.

A

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected through the a. corpus callosum. b. cortex. c. cerebellum. d. brain stem.

A

Thinning hair, yellowing of the skin, the growth of fine hair on the face and arms, and cardiovascular problems or osteoporosis are all conditions associated with a. anorexia nervosa. b. bulimia. c. undernutrition. d. malnutrition.

A

What area of the brain processes and stores memory? a. Amygdala b. Brain stem c. Parietal lobe d. Hippocampus

A

What part of the brain has been found to be enlarged in the brains of young children with ASD? a. Amygdala b. Cerebellum c. Brain stem d. Cerebrum

A

When an infant loses support and feels like she is falling, she will throw out her arms and legs because of the a. Moro reflex. b. Babinski reflex. c. Gallant reflex. d. Tonic neck reflex.

A

When infants look at faces, they are attracted to: a. the areas of highest contrast. b. the mouth because it moves. c. the top of the head. d. the jaw and chin.

A

When specific neurons are given extra stimulation through repeated motor practice (for example, by practicing piano for long hours on end): a. there is greater myelination of those neurons. b. the dendrites of those neurons grow longer. c. the corpus callosum begins to break down. d. the parietal lobe grows more rapidly than the rest of the brain.

A

Connections between nerve cells are called a. neurotransmitters. b. neurons. c. dendrites. d. synapses.

B

Eleanor Gibson's research on infants and the visual cliff found that infants: a. cannot perceive depth so they show no fear of the visual cliff. b. can perceive depth, but do not show fear of the "drop off" until they can crawl. c. from the very earliest ages tested all show substantial fear of the "drop off". d. show fear of the visual cliff until they can crawl, and then they lose the fear.

B

In the United States a. malnutrition is most serious food-related problem facing American children. b. undernutrition is a much greater threat than malnutrition for American children. c. the number of children who are considered obese has declined substantially in recent years. d. food insecurity helps families maintain a healthy, well-balanced diet.

B

In the United States, ________ of all high school students report that they have had sexual intercourse at least once. a. 25% b. 41% c. 65% d. 83%

B

Messages are sent by a neuron through the _____________ and are received by the ____________. a. capillaries; synapses b. axons; dendrites c. axons; capillaries d. dendrites; axons

B

The DSM-5 recognizes a condition called __________ in which delays in reaching motor milestones interfere with daily living and/or academic performance. a. proprioceptor disorder b. developmental coordination disorder c. motor skill interference disorder d. proximodistalitis

B

The age at which girls experience menarche is related to: a. their diet, health status, body type, and ethnicity. b. the amount of physical activity that the girl engages in. c. exposure to adult sexual role models in the media. d. the girl's birth order in her family.

B

The brain is divided down the middle, from front to back, into two: a. lobes. b. hemispheres. c. cortexes. d. cerebellums.

B

The reason that a child who has only heard English since birth loses the ability to distinguish sounds in the Arabic language, is because: a. they have not generated neurons associated with the Arabic language in the language centers of the brain. b. the synapses associated with the sounds in the Arabic language were not used and therefore pruned away. c. neurons associated with certain languages are tied to genetic components based on heritage, and therefore, not present in their brain. d. they have not developed the capacity to learn other languages, and will not until adolescence.

B

The recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics is that infants be exclusively breastfed until they are: a. two months old. b. 6 months old. c. a year old. d. two years old.

B

We know that infants can hear the voice of their mother before they are born because: a. they wiggle and squirm in the womb whenever their mother talks. b. newborns will suck on a pacifier to hear a recording of a story their mother read out loud during her pregnancy. c. newborns will respond to any woman's voice that they hear after they are born. d. prenatal recordings show activity in the auditory area of the fetal brain when a mother speaks.

B

What is the sense called that involves feedback from receptors in our joints, muscles, and ligaments traveling to the part of the brain that controls movement to give us a sense of where the different parts of our body are in space without our needing to look at them? a. Neurogenesis b. Proprioception c. Coordination d. Proximodistal

B

Which lobe of the brain processes vision? a. Temporal lobe b. Occipital lobe c. Frontal lobe d. Parietal lobe

B

Which of the following objects would an infant prefer to look at? a. A pastel circle b. His/her mother's face c. A picture of an animal d. A bullseye pattern

B

____________ are involuntary patterned motor responses that are hardwired in the infant. a. Experience-expectant responses b. Reflexes c. Gross motor skills d. Fine motor skills

B

A critical level of body fat in adolescence is necessary for girls because: a. their long bones will not complete their development without it. b. it enables girls to maintain regular menstrual cycles. c. the pubertal growth spurt will not begin without it. d. it keeps their periods from being unusually heavy.

C

What changes occur in body fat throughout childhood? a. Children continue to gain in fat percentage as they move through childhood. b. Boys have slightly more fat than girls around the age of five. c. Both boys and girls lose fat and gain muscle during early childhood. d. Children will have the most amount of fat around the age of five.

C

A difference between a sexually transmitted bacterial infection such as Chlamydia or gonorrhea and a viral infection such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis is that: a. bacterial infections cannot be treat or cured, but viral infections can. b. bacterial infections can be treated but not cured, but viral infections can be cured. c. these bacterial infections can be treat and cured, but the viral infections are not curable. d. viral infections can be treated and cured in the early stages, but bacterial infections can be treated and cured at any stage.

C

Because myelination of motor neurons occurs in a cephalocaudal direction, infants: a. gain control over their torso before they gain control of their arms and hands. b. develop fine motor skills before they develop gross motor skills. c. gain control over their head and neck before they gain control over their shoulders and arms. d. must crawl before they start to walk to avoid developing learning problems.

C

Breast development in females, deepening of the voice in males, and the growth of pubic hair in both genders are examples of: a. peripheral sex characteristics. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d.tertiary sex characteristics.

C

Children typically lose their first baby tooth at the age of: a. four. b. five. c. six. d. seven.

C

Children who begin to go through pubertal development as ages as young as 6 or 7 years of age are experiencing: a. hyperthyroidism. b. congenital maturation. c. precocious puberty. d. pubertal dysfunction.

C

Colostrum, the thick, yellowish substance initially produced when a woman begins breastfeeding, is beneficial because: a. it prepares the newborn's digestive system to accept the breastmilk. b. is high in brown fat, a type of fat necessary for prevention of weight loss after birth. c. it is rich in nutrients to fuel the newborn's early growth and antibodies to help protect from infection. d. it is high in sugar, a sweet taste infants prefer, and promotes their latching on behavior.

C

Elbert et al. found that the area of the right side of the brain that controls the left hand has many more synaptic connections than the same area of the left side of the brain in violinists (because they constantly use the fingers of the left hand). What type of brain development explains why this occurs? a. Experience-expectant brain development b. Synaptogenesis brain development c. Experience-dependent brain development d. Myelination of the brain

C

Experience-expectant brain development occurs: a. in responses to specific learning experiences that can be unique from one individual to another. b. after a period of extensive pruning of unused synapses. c. when we encounter experiences that occur as a normal part of development. d. when the body begins to lay down the myelin sheath on the central nervous system.

C

Gender differences in level of body fat are: a. small in infancy and childhood, but becomes larger in adolescence with girls accumulating more body fat than boys. b. large in childhood when girls accumulate more body fat than boys, but these differences dissipate by early adolescence. c. relatively small throughout childhood and adolescence, with girls always having slightly more body fat than boys throughout. d. large in childhood with boys having more body fat than girls, but these differences disapppear by early adolescence.

C

How many inches do children grow each year in middle childhood? a. One-half an inch b. One inch c. Two inches d. Three inches

C

If a child younger than the age of about 4 or 5 were to have a large portion of their brain removed in a necessary surgery: a. they would lose all motor function in their body. b. they would lose the ability to use language. c. their bodies would generate enough new neurons to replace the missing cells. d. their brains are plastic enough that cells intended to serve one function could be turned into cells that serve another function.

C

In recent years: a. the rate of adolescent pregnancy in the United States has increased substantially. b. the largest increase in adolescent pregnancies has been among girls 14 years of age or younger. c. adolescents in the United States are waiting longer to become sexually active. d. many more adolescents are taking a virginity pledge and not becoming sexually active.

C

Primary sex characteristics include: a. the appearance of breasts in females and the appearance of facial hair in males. b. the different physical changes that occur as an adolescent goes through puberty. c. changes that occur in the organs that are necessary for reproduction. d. changes in the proportions of fat and lean muscle mass in the adolescent.

C

Recent research on cerebral palsy is investigating: a. gene therapy that allows dominant genes to be injected directly into the brain. b. oxygen replacement therapy to stimulate neuron development. c. a drug that allows the regrowth of the myelin coating on nerve cells in the brain. d. a drug that blocks the development of the myelin sheath on neurons.

C

The average infant ____________ by 5 months of age, and __________ by her first birthday. a. increases her birth weight by 50%; doubles her length b. triples her birth weight; doubles her length c. doubles her birth weight; triples her length d. doubles her birth weight; increases her length by 50%

C

The cerebellum in the brain is primarily responsible for: a. complex thoughts, movement, language, and self-control. b. the basic functions of the body, such as breathing, cardiac rhythm, and blood pressure. c. controlling balance and movement. d. the expression and experience of emotions, memories, and sensations.

C

The language centers of the brain: a. are located on both sides of the brain. b. for producing speech are located on the right side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech are located on the left side. c. for producing speech are located on the left side of the brain, and the centers for understanding speech are located on the right side. d. are located largely on the left side of the brain for right-handed people and on either or both sides for lefties.

C

There is a proliferation of synaptic connections: a. at around the time that children typically enter kindergarten. b. in the first year of life and again at the beginning of puberty. c. in late adolescence, as the young person becomes an adult. d. during the period between ages 5 and 9 years of age.

C