Chapter 6: Cognition and Piaget

Characteristics of Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

-7-11 year olds -logic for concrete operational thinking -no abstract hypothetical thinking

What was Piaget's answer to parents in America who asked the question "What can I do to get my child to a higher cognitive stage sooner?"

-Piaget emphasized that learning should occur naturally -children should not be pushed and pressured into achieving too much too early in their development, before they are maturationally ready

A family goes to dinner and decides to order a chocolate mousse for dessert. The child is confused because they believe they ordered an animal for dessert. This child would fall under which of Piaget's 4 stages? What type of thought process does the child show?

-Preoperational stage -concrete thought

What are some characteristics of Formal Operational stage?

-abstract thinking -deductive reasoning -envisioning ideal circumstances -adolescent egocentrism -perform mental actions on ideas -metacognition -mature moral reasoning -separation and control of variables

What is a schema?

-an organization system -it organizes information into existing knowledge -template for evaluating a new experience

How does the book describe Piaget's contributions to the study of early children's cognitive development?

-assimilation -accommodation -object permanence -egocentrism -conservation -children are active, constructive thinkers -noting the shift from preoperational to concrete operational thinking -children need gradual movement to higher levels of thinking -partial accomplishments will lead to increasingly comprehensive understanding

The ability to up to the next level of Piaget's stages is based on genes, which is:

-brain growth -neuron connections

What are some criticisms of Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development?

-children's cognitive abilities are not uniformly defined and may emerge earlier than Piaget thought -the cognitive development is not as stage-like as he thought -children can be taught to reason at a higher level

What concepts can a child understand/perform in the Concrete Operational Stage?

-conservation -reversibility -decentration -seriation -transivity -class inclusion -non-egocentric

Some examples of actions performed by infants in Primary Circular Reactions are:

-cooing -saying vowels to see what they do -thumb sucking -kicking -blowing saliva bubbles

What are some significant changes in Coordination of Secondary Schemas?

-coordination of schemes -intentionality

What are some changes in cognition in middle and late adulthood?

-decreased fluid intelligence -increased crystallized intelligence -cognitive pragmatics increase -cognitive mechanics decrease

This type of reasoning deals with the general to the specific. What stage of Piaget's theory is this accomplished?

-deductive reasoning -formal operations

According to the textbook, what happens when adults move out into the world of work?

-idealism decreases -adults switch from acquiring knowledge to applying knowledge

What are the 2 ways of social thinking that adolescents portray in egocentrism?

-imaginaary audience -personal fable

What is constructivism?

-it is a theory that says that students learn best by making discoveries, reflecting on them, discussing them, rather than blindly intimidating the teacher or ding things by note

According to Vygotsky, why is language important in cognitive development?

-it is used for social communication and helps them solve tasks -children use it to plan, guide and monitor their behavior -children use language to communicate with each other before they can focus on their inward thoughts -it helps them transition from external to internal speech

Why is private speech important in language for cognitive development?

-it makes children more socially competent -it guides and governs children's behavior -it generates a positive role in development -it help improve performance and allows the children to be more attentive when the task is hard

What are the positive traits associated with psychological invulnerability?

-less likely to be depressed -higher self-esteem -better interpersonal relationships

Cognitive __________ is proposed to decrease while cognitive ___________ is proposed to increase during middle to late adulthood.

-mechanics -pragmatics

What are the different components/levels of Bronfenbrenner's ecological model?

-microsystem -mesosystem -exosystem -macrosystem -chronosystem

Accomplishments of Piaget's Sensorimotor stage are:

-object permanence -emergence of symbolic capacity

What are major accomplishments of the Beginning of Thought substage in the Sensorimotor Period?

-object permanence -sense of space -causality -time sequences

What are the major accomplishments of the Sensorimotor Period?

-object permanence (18-24 months) -symbolic capacity -goal-directed behavior -thinking internally

A schema __________ existing knowledge and __________ new information.

-organizes -interprets

What are the 2 phases of object permanence?

-out of sight-out of mind -displacements

What are the 2 forms of egocentrism that are modeled in high school students?

-personal fable -personal audience

What are some components of cognitive mechanics?

-processing speed -attention -some aspects of memory

What are some components of cognitive pragmatics?

-reading and writing skills -language comprehension -professional skills

What are 4 categories that emerge in Adult Post-Formal Thought?

-reflective, realistic and contextual thought -provisional -realistic -though is recognized as being influence by emotion

What are the 6 stages of sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory?

-reflexive -primary circular reactions -secondary circular reactions -coordination of secondary schemas -tertiary circular reactions -beginning of thought

What are characteristics of tertiary circular reactions?

-repetition with variation -starting point for human curiosity -interest in novelty -new ways to solve problems -purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually doing new things to them and exploring results

What are the 4 stages of Piaget's theory?

-sensorimotor -preoperational -concrete operational -formal operational

Arranging items according to increasing or decreasing dimension is known as? What stage of Piaget's theory does it occur?

-seriation -concrete operational stage

What are some examples of Secondary Circular Reactions?

-shaking a rattle -moving a mobile

Vygotsky believed that development is inseparable from what 2 components?

-social activities -cultural activities

This classification of college students believe there can be more than 1 right answer depending on the question that you are asking. What is this way of thinking called?

-sophomores and juniors -multiplicity

What are some actions that infants exercise during the Reflexive Substage of Sensorimotor Period?

-sucking and rooting -Moro -Babinski -grasping

What are characteristics of Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

-symbolic capacity -fantasy/pretend play -egocentrism -centration -static thought -lack of reversible thought -lack of conservation -basic categorization -animism/anthromorphism -intuitive thought -time concepts -concreteness of thought -time concepts -causality

The 10-Item Complex Post-Formal Questionnaire evaluates an individual's thinking at the post-formal level and reflects what 3 main categories?

-taking account of multiple aspects of a problem/situation -making subjective choices regarding a situation/problem -perceiving underlying complexities in a situation

What age range of children are in Sensorimotor Stage?

0-2 years of age

When does the first phase of object permanence, out-of-sight out-of-mind, develop?

0-8 months

What is the age range of infants that experience Primary Circular Reactions of the Sensorimotor Stage?

1-4 months

What questionnaire is used to evaluate your thinking at the post-formal level?

10-Item Complex Post-Formal Questionnaire

What age do children fall under the Formal Operations Stage?

11-15 years

What age range of infants are in the Tertiary Circular Reactions?

12-18 months

What age does object permanence emerge?

18-24 months

What age range of infants are in the substage of Beginning of Thought?

18-24 months

What substage is the end of the Sensorimotor Period?

18-24 months

When does True Object Permanence develop?

18-24 months

What age does symbolic capacity develop during the Preoperational Stage of Piaget's theory?

2-4 years

What age is Animism/Anthromorphism shown in children?

2-4 years

What age range is egocentrism seen in children in Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

2-4 years

What is the age range for children in the Preoperational Stage?

2-6 years

What age do children transition from external to internal, private speech?

3-7 years

What age is Intuitive Thought shown in children in the preoperational stage?

4-7 years

What age range of infants are in the substage of Secondary Circular Reactions during the Sensorimotor Period?

4-8 months

A child can recognize a conservation task with LIQUIDS, MASS and NUMBERS at what age?

6-7 years

What age range of children are in Piaget's Concrete Operational Thought?

7-11 years

What age range of infants are included in Coordination of Secondary Schemas?

8-12 months

What age does A-not-B error develop?

8-18 months

Children aged _-__ can recognize conservation tasks that involve area.

9-10

Volume conservation tasks are recognized by children when they are how old?

9-12 years

You placed a pillow under place A. You then take the pillow and move it from place A to place B. The infant will look for the pillow under place A even though they saw you move it. This is an example of:

A-not-B error

__________ is adjusting to the environment through assimilation and accommodation.

Adaptation

________________ is the process of bringing new objects/information into an existing schema and interprets new information based on the information you have.

Assimilation

Which psychologist worked with the Ecological Model?

Bronfenbrenner

__________ is a centering of attention on 1 characteristic to the exclusion of all others. It is seen in Piaget's Preoperational Stage.

Centration

________ __________ is when an individuals is repeating things over and over again.

Circular reactions

_____________ is the awareness that altering an object's or substance's appearance does not change its basic properties.

Conservation

_____________ is the theory that Piaget emphasized that children learn best when they are active and seek solutions for themselves.

Constructivism

____________ intelligence is an individual's accumulated information and verbal skills. It is believed that this increases during middle to late adulthood.

Crystallized

______ ________________ involves adolescents' sense of indestrutibility and tendency to take on physical risks, such as driving recklessly at high speeds.

Danger invulnerability

____________ is the inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective.

Egocentrism

__________ is introducing a new strategy, skill or piece of knowledge that encourages the child to think about an event in a certain way.

Mediation

____________ is the way of thinking of college sophomores and juniors. They believes there is more than 1 right answer to questions and often compare and contrast items.

Mulitplicity

Are the infant's schemes or actions goal-directed or intentional in the Secondary Circular Reactions substage?

NO ***the infants are only repeating their actions because of their consequences

According to Piaget, is holding up flashcards with words to increase a baby's vocabulary an effective way of learning?

NO ***too much emphasis on speeding up the intellectual development, involves passive learning and will not lead to positive outcomes

______ __________ is the awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived or available to our cognitive perception ability.

Object permanence

_____ infants are less likely to make the A-not-B error because their concept of object permanence is more complete.

Older

___________ are reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what before they could only do physically.

Operations

Object permanence is a type of ___ function.

PFC

A "Stage of First Habits" describes which substage of Sensorimotor Period?

Primary Circular Reactions

In this substage of Sensorimotor period, the infant is NOT trying to get something or reach something. The infant/child is simply trying to learn about their body.

Primary Circular Reactions

Infants repeat interesting/rewarding acts centered on their body in what substage of the Sensorimotor Period?

Primary Circular Reactions

_______ ______ is a tool of thought during the early childhood years.

Private speech

________ ______ represents an early transition in becoming more socially communicative.

Private speech

_____________ ________________ captures an adolescents' feeling of vulnerability related to personal or psychological distress, such as getting one's feelings hurt.

Psychological invulnerability

What is the mnemonic for the substages of Sensorimotor stage of Piaget's theory?

Rachel Posts Snapchats Concerning The Bears

In this substage of Sensorimotor Period the infant exercises reflexes, steady coordination of different body parts and accommodates sucking to fit shapes of different objects.

Reflexive

___________ is changing the level of support.

Scaffolding

Infants 4-8 months direct activities outside themselves because of their consequences.

Secondary Circular Reactions

Infants repeat their actions to interact with their environment to learn about the world "out there". They only imitate actions that he/she is already able to produce. What substage of Sensorimotor Period is the infant in?

Secondary Circular Reactions

_________ _________ _________ is when infants 4-8 months repeat actions because of the consequences that are produced. The infants are not goal-oriented but they wish to learn more about the world "out there".

Secondary circular reactions

____-____ is when children use language to govern their behavior and guide themselves, which allows them to become more attentive and improve their performance.

Self-talk

__________ is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitive dimension.

Seriation

______ _______ occurs when there is a PFC problem, that does not allow children to transform from 1 state to another and cannot be changed.

Static thought

__________ is the ability to logically combine relations to reach certain conclusions and can follow relationships across different people and objects.

Transivity

Who was the psychologist that came up with the sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development?

Vygotsky

Changing your mental framework to fit new material is:

accommodation

Modifying existing schemas to fit new information is:

accommodation

What is modifying existing schemas to fit new material is?

accommodation

Elkind believes in ___________ ___________, which is the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents that is reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they are in themselves, and in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

adolescent egocentrism

Individuals in this stage engage in solving problems with reflexive thinking, are skeptical about what is presented as absolute truth and understand that thinking is influenced by emotions. What stage of though is the individual in?

adult post-formal thought

When young adults move into a new qualitative stage of cognitive development, they are now in what stage of thinking?

adult post-formal thought

Children 2-4 years old attribute human life qualities and consciousness to things that are not alive. Piaget would describe this phenomena as:

animism/anthromorphism

The belief that inanimate objects have life-like qualities and are capable of action is known as:

animism/anthromorphism

Receiving new information, evaluating it and taking it into an existing schema is:

assimilation

When you interpret new information in terms of existing frameworks is:

assimiliation

Why is object permanence an important milestone of the Sensorimotor Stage?

because infants can now think of items/consider items that are not in front of them

In this substage, infants have object permanence, use symbols and have insight to solve problems mentally.

beginning of thought

A child did not clean their room. The following week, the parents talk to the child and say that they are going to get a divorce. The child believes that this is occurring because they were bad and did not clean their room. This child demonstrates the concept of:

causality

In Beginning of Thought, infants realize the relation between actions and consequences. This is known as:

causality

Focusing on 1 characteristic to the exclusion of others is known as:

centration

When children focus on the MOST OBVIOUS CHARACTERISTIC and do not take other characteristics into account, they are exhibiting what concept of Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

centration

What must children do before they can make the transition from external to internal speech?

children must communicate for a long time before they can make the transition from external to internal speech

A person's ____________ is the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

chronosystem

The relationship of a parent evolves over a child's life. The child's relationship is different when the child is 3, 9, 16 and 35 years old. This is an example of which level on Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model?

chronosystem

A child in Piaget's Preoperational Stage has basic categorization, being able to group things according to similarities, but has problems with what concept?

class inclusion

This is linked to biological foundations and brain development. It is believed to decline in middle to late adulthood. It encompasses processing speed, attention and some aspects of memory.

cognitive mechanics

The Social Constructivist Approach used by Vygotsky is a shift from the individual to:

collaboration, social interaction and sociocultural activity

What population of individuals did William Perry study?

college students

College seniors understand there are diverse opinions and multiple perspectives of others. They take both sides of an issues and decide on answer depending on the issue. What type of thinking are they using?

commitment in relativism

A _______ is a group of items organized by similarity.

concept

A child is no longer egocentric and can take other's perspectives in what stage of Piaget's theory?

concrete operational

At what stage of Piaget's theory does a child develop the concept of conservation?

concrete operational

Children are successful at reasoning but it is limited to concrete situations and real-world problems. The children still have problems with systematic thinking. What stage of Piaget's theory is the child in?

concrete operational

What stage of Piaget's theory does transivity occur?

concrete operational

What stage do children pass the 3 Mountains Task?

concrete operational stage

A child uses logic to reason about the world and concrete situations, but they do not use hypothetical or abstract thinking. What stage of Piaget's theory are they in?

concrete operational thinking

Evidence of transformational, reversible thought that occurs in Piaget's Concrete Operational stage is known as:

conservation

Using the concept of _____________, a child will notice a second dimension and is not fooled by the different perspectives.

conservation

What was the theory that Piaget emphasized for students learning?

constructivism

Which of Piaget's theory has an emphasis on facilitating rather than dissecting learning?

constructivism

An infant is looking at an object and they grasp it simultaneously or they visually inspect a toy and finger it simultaneously. This is shown in which substage of Sensorimotor Period?

coordination of secondary schemas

In _________ __ __________ _______, the infant combines actions to "solve problems" and puts motor skills together to get to an end. The infant is goal-oriented in their actions.

coordination of secondary schemas

In this substage of Sensorimotor Period, there are more complete acts performed, intent is shown and they are goal-oriented.

coordination of secondary schemas

When children are able to focus on more than one aspect of a problem, this is known as ____________.

decentration

What is an important tool of scaffolding in the zone of proximal development?

dialogue

Cognitive ______________ is new information that does not fit into existing schemas and causes confusion.

disequilibrium

The second phase of object permanence is when a child looks for their object in the last successful place they had it.

displacements: A-not-B error

Freshmen in college see things in terms of polarities (right/wrong, black and white, good/bad). This shows that their way of thinking is based in:

dualism

According to William Perry, adolescents have a ___________ way of thinking that gives rise to the reflexive, relativistic thinking of adulthood.

dualistic

A child and researcher are siting at a table. A diorama is placed in front of the table and a child is asked what they can see from where they are sitting. The diorama is then switched to the view opposite of the child. The researcher asks the child what they believe she can see. The little boy will state what HE can see and NOT what the researcher can see. This is a task of:

egocentrism

A concept of Piaget's Preoperational stage where children can only see the world from their individual perspective and CANNOT take other's point of view.

egocentrism

The 3 Mountains Task is a test that measures what concept of Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

egocentrism

Cognitive ___________ is information that can comfortably respond to new information within existing cognitive framework.

equilibrium

A link between the individual's immediate context and social setting in which the individual does NOT play an active role is their:

exosystem

The ________ is something that an individual does not experience but has an impact on them.

exosystem

The shell around a child's life is known as the _________.

exosystem

Intuitive thought is based on a child's _____________, not logic.

experiences

True/False. Children in Preoperational Thought think abstractly.

false ***children think in concepts that they know the definitions of

A concept of Piaget's Preoperational Stage that is evident when children use 1 object to stand for another, they pretend to be something they are not, use props to carry out an activity or they give human characteristics to non-real objects.

fantasy or pretend play

Schemas act like a ______ for all new experiences to organize the information.

filter

A person's ability to reason abstractly is known as _____ intelligence and it declines in middle to late adulthood.

fluid

Adolescents have the ability to develop hypothesis about ways to solve problems and can systematically deduce which is the best path to follow in solving problems. What stage of Piaget's theory can this be done?

formal operational

What stage do children begin to use abstract thinking?

formal operational stage

What stage of Piaget's theory will individuals perform mental action on abstract ideas and on things not directly visible, engage in more hypothetical-deductive reasoning, and will envision ideal circumstances?

formal operational stage

In William Perry's study, which classification of college students have an absolute way of thinking, believing there is only 1 right or wrong answer, and see things in black and white?

freshmen students

Rather than qualitative stage descriptions of cognitive changes in middle and late adulthood, some _______, __________ changes have been proposed.

gradual, cognitive

A _____ is a scheme based on a reflex that has become completely separated from its eliciting stimulus.

habit

In ___________ _________, adolescents especially sense that they are "on stage".

imaginary audience

The aspect of adolescent egocentrism that involves feeling that one is the center of everyone's attention and sensing that one is on stage is known as:

imaginary audience

When is conservation developed?

in Piaget's Concrete Operational Stage

Children use language to plan, guide, and monitor their behavior and is an important tool throughout their childhood years. This tool is a child's:

inner/private speech

Children are able to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to many questions. This concept of Piaget's Preoperational stage is known as:

intuitive thought

Children use past experiences to get to answers. They think about what they know about the world, what they have done and then come to an answer. This process is known as:

intuitive thought

What does a higher level on the 10-Item Complex Post-Formal Questionnaire indicate?

it indicates that an individual is more likely to engage in post-formal thought

You place 2 rows of 5 quarters in front of a child. They are equally spaced and aligned the same way. You ask the child if there are the same number of quarters are in each row and they say yes. In the 2nd row, you move them slightly further apart, but do not add more quarters to the 2nd row. You ask the child again if the 2 rows have the same number. The child now says that the 2nd row has more quarters. The child's answer demonstrates what concept of Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

lack of conservation

When children cannot mentally undo or reverse an action because they do not have conservation, they are said to have a:

lack of reversible thought

Society, world events, the planet and historical era are items that will fall under a person's:

macrosystem

The CULTURE in which an individual lives and the world as a whole is a person's:

macrosystem

Cognitive ________ is linked to biological foundations and brain mechanics such as processing speed, attention and some aspects of memory.

mechanics

Giving a child specific information they can use to evaluate a specific event or object is an example of:

mediation

To help children think in a certain way, adults propose meanings and interpretations of objects and events. What concept are they using to teach the child?

mediation

A __________ acknowledges that there can be interactions between 2 microsystems even though people from the original microsystem are not there.

mesosystem

Family to school experiences or school to church experiences would fall under what level of the Ecological Model?

mesosystem

The interrelationship between microsystems is known as the:

mesosystem

A little girl and her father play by head-butting each other. The girl then goes to school and begins to play like that with her classmate. The little girl gets in trouble because she is not supposed to play like that. What level of the ecological model does this situation fall under?

mesosytem

Children living at home with their parents, going to their grandparent's house, going to daycare or going to college is known as an individual's:

microsystem

The immediate environment that an individual experiences directly for themselves is known as their:

microsystem

The setting in which an individual lives and has their most direct interactions with social agents is their:

microsystem

What age range of infants fit into the Reflexive substage of the Sensorimotor Period?

newborns to 1 month

Knowing that your parents are at home while you are at college or knowing the different places on campus are there even though you cannot see them are examples of:

object permanence

This is an accomplishment of the Sensorimotor Stage and is not present at birth, but develops in the first 2 years of life. It encompasses the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived or not available to our cognitive perception ability.

object permanence

What helps lead up to symbolic capacity?

object permanence

In Piaget's theory __________ are reversible mental actions that allow children to do mentally what they before they could only do physically.

operations

The first phase of object permanence is when you will not search for an object if it is not in their point of view. It develops around 0-8 months.

out of sight - out of mind

The phase of object permanence is when a child will not search for an object because it is not seen is known as:

out-of-sight out-of-mind

A teenager spills ketchup on their shirt during lunch. He goes to wash it off in the restroom and removes most of the stain. When he returns to class, he will think that everyone is looking at them. What type of egocentrism is the teen showing?

personal audience

In _________ _____, adolescents have a sense of personal uniqueness that makes them believe that no one can understand how they really feel.

personal fable

The part of adolescent egocentrism that involves an adolescent's sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

personal fable

Your teenage daughter is going through a breakup with her boyfriend. You try to go console her and tell her that everything will be okay. She snaps and says "no one knows how I feel, you do not understand." What type of egocentrism is the adolescent showing?

personal fable

Cognitive ___________ is associated with culture and experience. It increases during middle and late adulthood and deals with components such as reading and writing skills, language comprehension, and professional skills.

pragmatics

The development of object permanence is based on the development of what brain structure?

prefrontal cortex

Children have the ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior, they represent things with words and images, and use operations. What stage of Piaget's theory are they in?

preoperational

What stage of Piaget's theory are children when they think about things in front of hem, but they do not use logic to come to conclusions?

preoperational

Children in which of Piaget's Stages will fail the 3 Mountains Task?

preoperational children

The ability to reconstruct in thought what has been established in behavior occurs in what stage of Piaget's theory?

preoperational stage

A-not-B error may not occur do to a failure in memory but due to repetition in:

previous motor behaviors

The word "_______" in the second substage of the Sensorimotor Period means that the child is doing things that deal with our body.

primary

According to your text, which is better associated with more positive traits: danger invulnerability or psychological invulnerability?

psychological invulnerability

The first substage of the Sensorimotor period is when the infant develops steady coordination of arm, eye, hand and mouth.

reflexive

What is an important indicator of cognitive change in young adults?

reflexive thinking

Over the course of a teaching session, a more skilled person adjusts the amount of guidance to fit the child's current performance. This is an example of:

scaffolding

An term for something that organizes information into existing knowledge is:

scheme/schema

What is the term for a mental framework for holding different facts about a different thing and is a template for evaluating a new experience?

scheme/schema

A baby is playing with their rattle. As they continue playing, the rattle falls out of their hand so they begin to cry. The mom comes and gives it to them. Now the baby continues to drop the rattle so the mom will continue to come and pick it up for them.

secondary circular reactions

This classification of college students become aware of the diverse opinions and multiple perspectives of others.

seniors

In Beginning of Thought, the infant realizes that objects have a spatial relationships. This is:

sense of space

Children are considered "reflexive machines" and experience the world through their senses as long as it is in front of them in which of Piaget's stages?

sensorimotor

In the _____________ stage, children experience the world through looking, touching and mouthing.

sensorimotor

When children experience the world through looking, touching and mouthing, they are in what stage of Piaget's theory?

sensorimotor

Vygotsky emphasizes the social contexts of learning and the construction of knowledge through social interaction. What type of approach is this?

social constructivist

What type of approach to children's cognitive development did Vygotsky follow?

social constructivist approach

Vygotsky believed that children were _______ __________ that develop their cognitive development through social interaction.

social creatures

Children who use a lot of private speech are more ________ ________ than those who do not use it.

socially competent

Piaget's theories are characterized by:

specific ways of thinking

Children who samples the world in "snapshots" and cannot mentally transform from 1 state to another are considered to have:

static thought

Researchers have a smooth piece of paper, and they ask the child if it has a large or small surface area. Then the researcher will crumble the paper in front of them. Again they ask the child if it has the same or smaller surface area. The child will say that the crumbled piece of paper has a smaller surface area. The child is demonstrating what concept of Piaget's Preoperational Stage?

static thought

In the Reflexive stage, sensory input leads to:

stereotypical motor output

A concept of Piaget's Preoperational stage where children have representational thought, a mental code/image that represents what we know, and they can think about the past and anticipate the future.

symbolic capacity

In Beginning of Thought, infants use ________, an internal representation of objects, that allow the infant to manipulate and transform the represented events in simple ways.

symbols

Basic categorization in Piaget's Preoperational Stage is a function of what brain structure?

temporal lobe

An infant purposely explores new possibilities with objects, continually doing new things to them and exploring results. What substage of Sensorimotor Period is the infant in?

tertiary circular reactions

In _________ _________ _________, there is repetition with variation, they have human curiosity, are interested in novelty, think of new ways to solve problems, and try out various ways to do things in order to get a response.

tertiary circular reactions

What is object permanence?

the ability of infants to understand that objects continue to exist even though they are no longer observing them

The upper limit of ZPD is the level of additional responsibility:

the child can accept with assistance of an able instructor

The lower limit of ZPD is the level of skill reached by:

the child working independently

In Secondary Circular Reactions, what types of actions does the infant perform?

they only do actions that he/she is already able to produce

According to the 10-Item Complex Post-Formal Questionnaire, what do cross-category friendships do?

they stimulate individuals to move beyond thinking, critically evaluate stereotypical thinking and consider alternative explanations

Adolescents who scored high on psychological invulnerability had what type of effects?

they were less likely to be depressed, had a higher self-esteem, and maintained better interpersonal thoughts

Adolescents who scored high on danger invulnerability showed what type of effects?

they were more likely to engage in juvenile delinquency or substance abuse or to be depressed

In Beginning of Thought, the infant realizes that one thing comes after the other. This is an achievement of what concept?

time sequences

In Piaget's stages, the term operation means:

using logic to solve problems

For any child, where they are right now is a culmination of what they know now and what they did not know because it is too difficult. This represents what concept?

zone of proximal development

The ____ __ __________ ____________ is the gap between what children can already do and what they cannot do because it is too difficult.

zone of proximal development

The _____ __ _________ _____________ captures the child's cognitive skills that are in the process of maturing and can be accomplished only with the assistance of a more skilled person.

zone of proximal development

The range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but that can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more skilled children is known as the:

zone of proximal development