Chapter 6 -- Development in Infancy

In one study, more time spent in early non-relative child care was related to higher levels of ______ at 15 years of age.

risk taking and impulsivity

An important form of reciprocal socialization is________, in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

The term _____ protest is used to describe the behavior of infants who cry when their caregiver leaves them.

separation

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

smiles cries

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal _______

socialization

Patty has been classified as a slow-to-warm-up child, according to Chess and Thomas' classification system. Which of the following characteristics is she likely to display?

somewhat negative affect low intensity of mood low activity level

Which of the following terms are used to describe the interactional nature of emotional communication between parents and child when all is going well?

synchronous reciprocal

In one research study, it was found that mothers of infants respond differently to the crying of irritable girls than the crying of irritable boys. This is an example of how gender affects reaction to ________

temperament

John Watson was a behaviorist who argued that parents spend ______ time responding to infant crying and thus ______ its occurrence.

too much; increase

The reciprocal interchanges and mutual influence processes between parents and children are sometimes referred to as

transactional

The current U.S. policy on parental leave is to allow

up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave.

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ________ model of attachment.

working

In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?

12%

In the United States, separation protest typically peaks at about the age of ______.

13 to 15 months

In the United States today about ____% of children aged 5 and under have been in more than one child care arrangement.

15

In general, infant fear first emerges at ______1______ months and peaks at about _______2______ months.

1: 6 2: 18

Match Bowlby's phase of attachment with its description.

1: Phase 1: birth to 2 months matches --- Children instinctively direct attachment to human figures. 2: Phase 2: 2 to 7 months --- Attachment becomes focused on one figure. Attachment becomes focused on one figure. 3: Phase 3: 7 to 24 months --- Specific attachments develop. 4: Phase 4: 24 months on --- Children become aware of others' feelings, goals, and plans.

Rothbart and Bates' temperament classification category of _____1___ ______2______ includes discomfort, fear, frustration, and sadness. Children in this category are easily distressed and may fret and cry often.

1: negative 2: affectivity

a ___1___ smile in an infant does not occur in response to external stimuli, but a _____2____ smile does

1: reflexive 2: social

According to one survey, by 2012 the number of stay-at-home dads in the United States was estimated to be

2 million

The NICHD longitudinal study found that results were less optimal when children spent more than ______ in child care.

30 hours per week

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?

Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. Women improved family task management. Men became more concerned with intimacy. Women more closely attended to their own personal growth.

Which of the following are environmental influences that can encourage or discourage the persistence of temperament characteristics?

Cultural influences Goodness of fit influences

Which of the following temperament classifications apply to Rothbart and Bates' model?

Effortful control

_________ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

Emotions

Which of the following statements best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture.

True or false: Most U.S. children have a parent who stays home to care for them.

False

True or false: One surprising finding of the NICHD longitudinal study was that the majority of child care provided in the first three years of life was of high quality.

False

Baby Marlow uses mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Which of the following statements are true of stranger anxiety?

It appears at about 6 months of age.

Which behaviorist argued that parents spend too much time soothing infants and thus reinforce infant crying?

John Watson

Which theorist developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

According to the most current and common view among developmentalists, when should the soothing of infants by their caregivers occur?

Occur regularly, because an infant cannot be spoiled in the first year of life Occur regularly, because it fosters a sense of trust and secure attachment

Which of the following recommendations are strategies advocated by child-care experts?

Recognize that quality of parenting is a key factor in child development. Critically evaluate child-care situations for quality. Monitor your child's behavior.

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

Reflexive

______ involves parents who take the time to interact with a child in such a way that the child experiences turn-taking and the parents support the child's efforts at any age.

Scaffolding

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

Self-conscious emotions

Which of the following are types of infant cries?

The anger cry The pain cry The basic cry

Identify the major criticisms of attachment theory.

There are biological factors that play a role in temperament. Culture plays a role in socialization in a infants environment. It assumes that there is a critical sensitive period of development in infants.

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of self-regulation include?

ability to distract oneself waiting longer to express anger

A study of 2 and 3-year-old children showed that an increase in the number of child-care arrangements the children experienced was linked to

an increase in behavioral problems.

the term stranger ______ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

Most developmentalists support the view that parents should soothe a crying infant in order to help the infant develop a sense of trust and secure ________

attachment

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to __________ with her parents.

communicate

Two-year-old Shelly was badly frightened by the neighbor's dog, so she told her mother, "Feel bad, dog scare." Her little brother, Kyle, age one, simply cried and had to be comforted. What does this illustrate?

developmental strategies that children of different ages use to communicate emotions

According to Ainsworth's model, insecure ________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display certain specified behaviors, such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds?

diverting the infant's attention

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an

emotion

A feeling or affect that occurs when people are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being is known as a/an

emotion

According to Rothbart and Bates, approach, pleasure, activity, and laughter are all in the temperament classification of

extraversion/surgency.

An inhibited temperament is associated with a unique physiological pattern that includes:

high and stable heart rate high level of the hormone cortisol high activity in the right frontal lobe of the brain

The NICHD study on child care was conducted by using which of the following methods?

interviews trained observers questionnaires

Young Marco is almost two years old. Whenever his mother goes away, he says to his babysitter, "Mommy gone, Mommy gone." This is an example of how toddlers can use _____ to define their feelings and what is upsetting them.

language

Which of the following factors can result in an infant showing fear as early as 3 months?

neglect abuse

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as ________.

personality

Kagan believes that children inherit a/an ________ (emotionality/physiology) that biases them to have a particular type of temperament.

physiology

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative.

According to Ainsworth's model, an insecure _______ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant

According to Rothbart and Bates, what does the dimension of extraversion/surgency include?

Activity Pleasure Smiling Approach