Chapter 6 Deviance
stereotype promise p. 159
a kind of self fulfulling prophecy in which positive stereo types such as the model minority label applied to Asian Americans lead to positive performance outcomes for Asian AMericans ex. asians more likely to be placed in advanced courses
stereotype threat p. 158
a kind of self-fulfulling prophecy in which the fear of performing poorly and confirming sterotypes about their social groups causes students to perform poorly. ex. african american and women in math field
Robert Merton
Developed strain theory as a functionist account of social deviance
differential association theory p. 156
Edwin Sutherland's hypothesis that we learn to be deviant through our associations with deviant peers ex. don't hang with bad kids, I don't want you to hang with her, she's a bad influence.
stigma p. 159
Erving Goffman's term for any physical attribute that devalues a person or groups identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction; person has no control, label that alters self concept and social identity. ex. skin color
structural functionalism p. 158 chart
How does deviance clarify moral boundaries?Punishing those who plagarize separates those who should be in college from those who aren't responsible.
labeling theory p. 156
Howard Becker's idea that deviance is a consequence of external judgments or labels that modify the individuals self concept and change the way others respond to the labeled person. -labeling theory asserts that deviance is a matter of social context. ex. man who kills an intruder can be a hero while a man who kills a cashier in process of robbing is a villian.
deviance p. 151
a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction; norms and group reactions vary across different cultures; it can change over time; group reactions are important. deviance can help a society clarify its moral boundaries(Terry Schiavo vegetative state) promotes social cohesion; ex: amish shun their own if they violate the norms. or native americans banish their own or branding someone or corporal punishment
criminal justice system p. 169
a collection of social institutions such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons that create and enforce laws
crime p. 167
a violation of a norm that has been codified into law. type of deviance. you could be arrested and imprisoned. - younger the population the more likely its members are to commit crimes. -one of the reasons why crime rates change over time may be due to changes is age
outsiders p. 160
according to Howard Becker those labeled deviant and subsequently segregated from normal society ex. outlaw biker, rocker ecowarrior
positive deviance p. 171 (rosa parks)
actions considered deviant within a given context but are later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic -can generate a positive rather than negative reaction. ex. rosa parks broke law but is a hero today
in group orientation p. 160
among stigmatized individuals, the rejection of prevailing judgements or prejudice and the development of new standards that value their group identity. ex. parents, families and friend of lesbians(PFLAG)
rehabilitation p. 169
an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty
retribution p. 169
an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal. have the right to get even
deterrence p. 169
an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes ex. California's 3 strikes law-3 felonies = life sentence
incapacitation p. 169
an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them
self-fulling prophecy p. 158
an inaccurate statement or belief that, by altering the situation, becomes accurate ; a prediction that causes itself to come true. coined by Robert Merton ex. during Depression; a rumor of bankruptcy cause everyone to pull money out which led to banks out of money
Uniform Crime report (UCR) p. 166
an offical measure of crime in the US produced by the FBIs official tabulation of every crime reported by more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies
Howard Becker
applied labeling theory to the question how deviance begins
Erving GOffman
applied social interactionist theory to the dynamics of total institutions.
white collar crime p 168
crime committed by a high-status individual in the course of his occupation ex. fraud, embezzlement or insider trading.
violent crimes p. 166
crimes in which violence is either the objective or the means to an end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault and robbery
property crime p. 166
crimes that do not include violence, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft and arson
social control p. 155
formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion; imbalance of power that leads to deviance and the more powerful in a society are able to criminalize behavior through use of norms, rules and laws; informal-exercise of control through customs, norms and expectations, school age parents remind kids not to pick nose. formal- control through laws; antisodomy laws
primary deviance p. 157
in labeling theory, the initial act or attitude that causes one to be labeled deviant.; 1st act of rule breaking
secondary deviance p. 157
in labeling theory, the subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant; a label that alters self concept and social identity
innovators p. 154
individuals who accept society's approved goals but not society's approved means to achieve them. ;embraces socially ACCEPTable goals but REJECTS the means the achieve them. ex. might seek financial success by selling drugs
ritualists p. 154
individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals but still operate according to society's approved means; embraces socially acceptable means but rejects the goals.
rebels p. 154
individuals who reject society's approved goals and means and instead create and work toward their own (sometimes revolutionary)goals using new means; want to change or destroy social order
retreatists p. 154
individuals who renounce society's approved goals and means entirely and live outside conventional norms altogether; reject cultural goals and reject institutionalize means ex. dropouts and hermits
conflict theory p. 155 and p. 158 chart
inequalities are present in our definition of deviance. believe that rules are applied unequally and that punishment for rule violators are applied unequally. those at top are different than those at the bottom. How do vagrancy laws perpetuate power and exploitation? students with few resourses are punished harshly and have fewer options; students with more money can transfer to another school
Emile Durkham
offered a functionalist theory of the causes of suicide
passing p. 159
presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to ex. light skinned african americans
deviance avowal p. 160
process by which an individual self identifies as deviant and initiates her own labeling process ex. an alcoholic admits he is an alcoholic and will always be.
tertiary deviance p. 158
redefining the stigma associated with a deviant label as a positive phenomenon. ex. sure I'm an addict but there shouldn;t be anything wrong with that.
dr. chauntell tibbals p. 164
specializes in study of porn. an example of symbolic interactionism. approaches deviance as relative and dependent upon the culture, time period, and situation
capital punishment p.. 171
the death penalty, form of deterrance
symbolic interactionism p. 158 chart
the definition of deviance is relative and depends on culture, time, period, and situation. - -How did polygamy come to be defined as deviant in the u.s.? -Plagarism labeled deviant in US but not in Russia or India - Dr. Chauntelle Tibbals who studies porn,
cyberbullying p. 165
use of electronic media to tease, harass, threaten or humiliate.