chapter 6 learning and cognition

Mrs. Goodsell is thingkig about how she might help the students in her introductory French class lear t pronounce the word bonjour correctly. Whch one of her thoughts blow i most consistent with a social cognitive perspective of Learning?

"Maybe I should show them how I form my mouth and lips as I pronounce the word and then encourage the way it is."

Which of the following is the best example of a symbolic model?

A detective on a television show

Bandura proposes that three of the following conditions are necessary for modeling to occur. Which one is NOT necessary?

A relatively-stress free environment

Which of the following best illustrates cognitive modeling?

A science teacher thinks aloud, "How can I determine what makes this pendulum swing fast or slowly? Hmmm, I'll change the amount of weight on the bottom, but I need to keep the length the same so I'll know that any change in speed is not due to length."

Three of the following are examples of self-regulating as social cognitive theorists describe it. Which one is NOT a good example of self-regulation?

A student tries hard to earn the reinforcer his teacher has told him he will get for good behavior

Which one of the following best illustrates the self-reaction aspect of self-regulation?

Adele feels terrible when she inadvertently hurt a classmate's feelings

Which of the followng is an example of vicarious reinforcment?

Alice notices that her friend Ellen gets extra attention from the teacher when she acts helpless. Alice begins to act helpless as well.

Which of the following examples best illustrates a child using effortful control?

Allison like to laugh when other kids get in trouble in class, however she knows this will hurt their feelings, therefore she holds her tongue and does not laugh

In social cognitive theorists' conceptualization of reciprocal causation, which one of the following is the best example of a person factor?

Alma expects to do well in science this year

Which of the following alternatives illustrates the impact of an efficacy expectation?

Although Christina would like to be on the varsity softball team, she doesn't think she has sufficient talent to make the team, even with a lot of practice

Only one of the following definitely illustrates high self-efficacy. Which one?

Amy knows she is a good singer.

The textbook describes Meichenbaum's five steps for teaching a child how to regulate his or her own behavior. Which one of the following most accurately summarizes these steps?

An adult models the use of self-instructions while performing a task, then encourages the child to use similar self instructions, first aloud and then silently, while performing the same task.

An early theory of imitation, one proposed by Miller and Dollard in 1941 suggested that individuals

Are reinforced for imitative behavior

From the perspective of social cognitive theory, which one of the following children most clearly shows a key ingredient of self-regulation?

Bob is proud of the fact that he always keeps a promise

If we consider the concept of reciprocal causation we must conclude tht students' behavior in the classroom is influenced:

Both by classroom events an the student's expectations about the classroom

Listed below are four reasons why students might not want to take their schoolwork seriously or to try very hard to succeed at classroom tasks. Which one of these reasons is most clearly consistent with the concept of self-efficacy?

Carol does not believe she has the ability to do the work successfully

Some researchers have studied the effects of modeling on children's interpersonal behavior. Which of the following conclusions cannot be drawn from their results?

Children learn effective interpersonal skills only from watching adults' what they see other children do has little or no effect on their own behavior

Social cognitive theorists have studied the role of modeling on aggressive behavior. Which one of the following conclusion cannot be drawn from their research?

Children model aggression only when the model is the same sex as themselves

According to social cognitive theorists, Learning is unlikely to occur in one of the following situations. Which one?

Corinna's teacher gives her a good grade on her paper because it was neatly written, but Corinna doesn't realize that "neatness counts."

Modeling is often facilitated by memory codes. Three of the following are example of such codes. Which one does not specifically illustrate a memory code?

David wears the same style of clothing his friend wear, even though he's never been reinforced for doing so

Tammy has trouble getting dates, so she begins to observe how other students attract boys. The four girls have all had dates within the last week. Without knowing anything about Tammy, but using criteria proposed by social cognitive theorists, SCT, choose the girl whom Tammy is most likely to model.

Dorindo is popular and feminine

Which of the following is the clearst example of a child working for an incentivive?

Doris is studying for a history test with the hope that she will get a A on it

According to social cognitive theorists, reinforcement affects learning because it:

Encourages the learner to pay attention

A guest speaker is coming to Mr. Fisk's thrid-grade classroom, and he wants his students to treat the speaker with courtesy and respect. He decides to give his students 15 minutes of free time if they show appropriate behavior durig the guest's visit. From the perspective of social cognitive theory. Mr. Fisk's reinforcement is likely to work only of his students.

Expect that this consequence will follow their good behavior

Mr. Limpitlaw wants to increase his female student's self-efficacy for Mastering simple car maintenance procedures. He can best do this by:

Having the students watch other girls successfully change the oil and the air filter

Which of the following examples best illustrates social cognitive theorists' concept of personal agecy in Learning and behavior?

In order to enhance his roller skating skills, Marvin enrolls in a roller skating class

John's teacher gives him constrctive criticism about how to improve the poem he has just written. According to the textbook's discussion of social cognitive theory, what effect is such criticism likely to have on John's self-efficacy for writing poetry, and why?

It will probably enhance his self-efficacy. because it communicates the message that he has the ability to write a good poem

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jane sees her friend Olivia scolded by the teacher for talking out of turn in class. Jane stops talking out of turn in class.

Jim has a high sense of self-efficacy regarding his ability to work with his hands. Based on this information, we would predict three of the following from social cognitive theorists. Which one would we NOT necessarily predict?

Jim will be a bit careless when he works with his hands, so he will frequently make silly mistakes

Which one of the following statements best reflects the concept of collective self-efficacy?

Learners may have greater confidence about accomplishing a task when they work with others rather than alone

Models can influence an observers behavior in a number of ways. Which one of the following behaviors is least likely to be the result of modeling?

Luke scratches his mosquito bites, even though his mother continually asks him not to, because it makes them feel better.

When people begin to record their own behavior, the frequency of tat behavior:

May go either up or down

Sharon knows that Kath frequently completes her assignments long after they are due. She has noticed tht their teacher willingly accepts Kathy's late assignments because Kathy Always has a creative excuse for turning them in late. Sharon begins to do the same- she turns in assignments past the due date and makes up excuses for why she is late. Sharon's increase in excuse-making is due to:

Modeling and vicarious reinforcement

Two boys are fighting on school grounds, Fighting is against school rules, and the boys know this. Even so a teacher who sees them lets them continue to fight rather than punish them for doing so. From the perspective of social congnitive theory these boys will be

More likely to fight in the future

Three of the following alternatives depict situations in which a teacher is facilitating the retention component of modeling. Which one does NOT depit such a situation?

Mr. Byers suggests, "Let's play some background music while I show you how to use the dipstick to measure your oil level."

These four teachers claim to be practicing principles from social cognitive theory. Based on the following information, which one is NOT?

Mr. Carlson tells his class that he wishes he had never started smoking cigarettes

Which one of the following teachers most clearly illustrates teacher self efficacy?

Mrs. Sand is a confident teacher who believes that she can teach students

Which one of the following teaching strategies is most likely to promote resilient self-efficacy?

Ms. Davis assigns a variety of challenging math problems, knowing that her students will successfully solve most, but probably not all of them.

Which of the following alternatives best describes the disinhibition effect that social cognitive theorists describe?

People may engage in a previously prohibited behavior if they see someone else being reinforced for the behavior

A problem with trying to exlain modeling solely from a strictly behaviorist perspective is that:

People sometimes do not imitate a behavior until many days after observing it

Three of the following ideas are integral parts of social cognitive theor. Which one is not?

People's behaviors are always the direct results of the specific environments in which they live

Which one of the following instances of Learning can be explained more easily by social cognitive theory that by behaviorist views of Learning?

Playing the role of a german soldier in the school play. Andy says his lines using a german accent similar to one he's heard in the movies a few times.

John is motivated to bring up his grade in chemistry. He has decided to go to his chemists class every day ay lunch and after school. John's decision is an example of:

Self imposed stimulus control

When Geroge attents the first day of an Advanced Placement class in biology, he thinks to himself, "This is going to be a really hard class, I don't know if I have what it takes to understand and remember all this stuff. Which one of the following concepts from social cognitive theory do George's misgivings best exemplify?

Self-efficacy for learning

In what way does the concept self-efficacy differ from such term as sel-concept and slf- esteem?

Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.

Several students in Mr. Samber's class have trouble keeping themselves on task during independent seat work assignments. Mr. Samber gives each of these students a piece of paper on which they are to make a check mark every time they find themselves doing something other than their assignment during seat work time. Mr. Samber is using which one of the following techniques for changing behavior?

Self-monitoring

Maria is what social cognitive theorists would describe as self-regulating individual when it comes to her moral behavior. Given this information, which one of the following descriptions best describes Maria's moral behavior?

She has an internal set of standards regarding right and wrong behavior, and she feel guilty when she violates those standards.

Jenny often hears her second grade teacher often tell the class that soda is bad for your health and that everyone should drink water. However, every afternoon Jenny sees her teacher drink a soda. Based information regarding behaviors that are learned through modeling, which beverage is Jenny most likely to drink?

Soda, people imitate other people's actions more than their words

Which one of the following is the best example of generalized self-efficacy?

Thanks to his good study habits, Evan is optimistic that he will do well in the wide variety of college courses he must take in order to graduate

Which of the following statements best illustrates the concept of reciprocal causation?

The environment alters behavior, but behavior alters the environment as well

Which one of the following best illustrates collective self-efficacy in teachers?

The teachers at West Middle School confer weekly about students who they believe are at risk for academic failure, and they are confident that, by working together, they can help these students be successful at school.

Ms. Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the next day. But the following day Ms Jefferson forgets to bring the treats she promised. From the perspective of social cognitive theory, what has just happeed to the students who tuned in their homework assignments?

They have been punished for doing so

Trudy makes a obscene gesture in class, and the teacher punishes her severely. Other students in the class observe both the gesture and the punishment. Based on SCT; social cognitive theory; what can we guess about what those other students hav learned and how they are likely to behave in the future?

They know how to make the gesture, but they are unlikely to make it in class

Which one of the following strategies is most likely to promote self-regulation in students?

When assigning a lengthy research project, Mr. Barnett advises his students to break the project down into a number of smaller tasks and then to reinforce themselves after they complete each one

Should students ever be allowed to fail at classroom tasks? According to social cognitive theorists, the answer is:

Yes, occasional failures interspersed among frequent successes teach students that perseverance pays off

Imagine you are a teacher at a junior high school. Below are four behaviors you might exhibit in your classroom. Considering the textbook's discussion of modeling, choose the behavior your students are least likely to imitate.

You show them how much your enjoy reading professional education journals.

Mark often comes to school wearing sandals instead od sneakers on days he has physical educations. He is getting angry with himself regarding his chronic forgetfulness about appropriate footwear. His teacher suggests that he teat himself to an hour of television only on days when he has remembered to wear sneakers. Mark's teacher is suggesting that mark use:

self-reinforcement

Social Cognitive theory can best be characterized as being concerned with learning

through observations of others