Chapter 6- Lipids

What are some warning signs of a heart attack?

Chest pain Sweating Shortness of breath

Which types of lipids are synthesized by the body?

Cholesterol Triglycerides

These compounds regulate cell division rates, maintain normal kidney function and fluid balance, direct hormones to their target cells, regulate the flow of substances in and out of cells, and regulate ovulation.

Eicosanoids

In the receptor pathway for ________ uptake, LDL is removed from the blood by cells with the LDL receptor called B-100.

cholesterol

The release of fatty acids from glycerol is known as _________.

hydrolysis

Cardiovascular plaque formation can be caused by ______.

hypertension smoking diabetes

Fatty acids that have 1 double bond in the carbon chain are called ______________ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

During the process of hydrogenation, as the amount of added hydrogen increases, the fatty acid becomes ________. (Check all that apply.)

more solid more saturated

What are the different names of fatty acids based on? (Check all that apply.)

number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the carbon skeleton, position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the length of the carbon skeleton

If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs between the 3rd and 4th carbon from the methyl end, it's called _______ fatty acid.

omega-3

An imbalance between ______ and ______ fatty acids is suspected to be a contributing factor to the cause of arthritis.

omega-3 omega-6

Diets rich in cholesterol can encourage the development of which health issue?

plaque buildup in arteries

Which types of fat are less likely to become rancid because they have no or few double bonds in their carbon chains? (Check all that apply.)

saturated fats trans fats

Oxidized LDL is removed from circulation by the ____________.

scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake

In what organ are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

small intestine

Identify the ways in which the carbon chains of free fatty acids can differ. (Check all that apply.)

the number of carbons in the chain, the extent to which the chain is saturated with hydrogen

Sterols are unique among other forms of lipids due to _____.

their multiring structures

_______ fatty acids from hydrogenated fats have harmful effects associated with increasing blood cholesterol levels and lowering levels of HDL cholesterol.

trans

________ are the main fuel source for all body cells, except the nervous system and red blood cells.

triglycerides

How many calories of essential fatty acids should men consume daily?

170

How long does it usually take the body to remove chylomicrons from the blood?

2-10 hours

A medium-chain fatty acid is ________ carbons in length.

6-10

Which cancers are associated with diets high in fat and saturated fat?

Prostate cancer Breast cancer Colon cancer

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

To insulate and protect the body To aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins To provide energy

A ________ is a triglyceride that loses a fatty acid.

diglyceride

Lowering dietary saturated fat to less than _____ of total calories will help to reduce blood cholesterol levels and reduce health risks.

7%

What is the Adequate Intake for essential fatty acids?

1/3 cup

The recommendation for fat intake that is 20-35% of total calories consumed is the _______.

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range

______ fats are those that we incorporate into food, such as butter on bread, oils used to prepare vegetables, and shortenings in cookies and pies.

Added

What are some sources of saturated fat?

Beef Cheese Whole milk

emulsifies fat and breaks it into many tiny droplets, called micelles.

Bile

Select all the roles that bile plays in relation to the digestion of fats.

Bile keeps fat droplets suspended. Bile allows pancreatic lipase to break down triglycerides. Bile emulsifies fats.

Which blood lipid levels will most likely still be accurate if a person has not fasted prior to their blood lipoprotein profile?

HDL Total cholesterol

What is the first step associated with the absorption of triglycerides?

Monoglycerides and free fatty acids enter the epithelial cells of the small intestine.

A chylomicron is a lipoprotein that is made up of dietary fats and surrounded by a shell containing which of the following components?

Phospholipids Proteins Cholesterol

What are the three types of lipids?

Phospholipids Triglycerides Sterols

Identify the statement about phospholipids that is true.

Phospholipids can be synthesized by the body.

What are the components of a phospholipid molecule?

Phosphorus-containing molecule Glycerol backbone

In which of the following functions do eicosanoids play an important role?

Regulating ovulation Maintaining normal kidney function Regulating cell division rates

Which dietary strategies can help to lower both blood and LDL cholesterol? (Check all that apply.)

Replace saturated fat with carbohydrates. Replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat. Replace saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat.

What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?

Salivary glands Pancreas Stomach

Diets rich in which food components can lead to a buildup of cholesterol-filled scavenger cells in the artery walls?

Saturated fat Trans fat

What events occur in the scavenger pathway for cholesterol uptake?

Scavenger white blood cells leave the bloodstream and attach to blood vessels. Oxidized LDL is removed from circulation. Cholesterol can build up in scavenger cells and eventually kill them.

Neck and shoulder pain, dizziness, and nausea are all signs and symptoms of ________ in women.

a heart attack

Infants and children younger than 2 years need to get how much of their total calories from fat to obtain enough fat for normal brain development?

50%

If the first double bond of a polyunsaturated fatty acid occurs after the 6th carbon, it is called an omega- ________ fatty acid

6

Short-chain fatty acids are usually less than ______ carbons in length.

6

How many calories would 9 g of olive oil yield if its total calories only came from fat?

81

Select the statements about fat digestion in the stomach that are true.

Fat floats on top of the watery contents. Gastric lipase breaks triglycerides into diglycerides and free fatty acids. Gastric lipase breaks down triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids.

Which of the following are preventable risk factors for CVD?

Smoking Obesity Physical inactivity

Some studies suggest consuming a diet high in trans fats may lead to the development of which health problems?

Type 2 diabetes Obesity

Which health issues are associated with excessive omega-3 fatty acid intake?

Uncontrolled bleeding Impaired immune function

Which steps lead to the development of intermediate-density lipoproteins?

VLDLs from the liver enter the circulatory system. VLDLs become more dense as triglycerides are released. LPL transfers the triglycerides in VLDLs to body cells.

The roles of apolipoproteins include _____. (Check all that apply.)

activating a lipid-transfer enzyme assisting in the binding of lipoproteins to receptors assisting enzymes

What is the structure of a glycerol molecule?

an alcohol containing three carbons

Low levels of dietary omega-6 PUFA intake have been associated with _____ risk of heart disease.

an increased

A diet rich in ________ can help reduce LDL oxidation and thus decrease the risk of CVD and Metabolic Syndrome.

antioxidants

Which term is used to describe a protein, identified by a letter, that can be found on the outer shell of a lipoprotein?

apolipoprotein

Fatty acids that are released from the glycerol backbone are called free fatty acids to emphasize that they _______.

are unattached

Why are alpha-linolenic and linoleic acids considered essential fatty acids? (Check all that apply.)

because we must get them from food because our bodies are unable to synthesize them

A good example of an emulsifier is ______.

bile lecithin

Which of the following foods should consumers limit in their diet in order to lower trans fat intake?

biscuits, pastries

Which of these foods contain little or no fat?

breakfast cereals and yeast breads

Whether a fat is monounsaturated, saturated, or polyunsaturated, it provides the same number of ______.

calories

Low-density lipoproteins are composed primarily of ________.

cholesterol

Omega-6 fatty acids have independent ______ lowering properties beyond the simple removal of saturated fat.

cholesterol

Which lipoprotein carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells?

chylomicron

Which lipoprotein is formed in the intestinal absorptive cell and carries dietary triglycerides that have been re-formed?

chylomicron

What are some examples of medium-chain fatty acids?

coconut oil, palm kernel oil

Which of the following act as emulsifiers? (Check all that apply.)

egg yolk mustard

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

eggs, chicken, ice cream

Egg yolks are a good example of a(an) ________ because they allow the fat in various batters and dressings to stay suspended in the other ingredients.

emulsifier

The process of attaching fatty acids to glycerol is called

esterification

Esterification is the process of attaching ______ to glycerol.

fatty acids

Which of these foods are most likely to go rancid due to their high level of polyunsaturated fats?

fish, oils

What does phosphate allow phospholipids to do?

function in watery environments

A function of ______ is to serve as the backbone to which three fatty acids attach, forming a triglyceride molecule.

glycerol

The process of ________ adds hydrogen to the carbon chain of unsaturated fats.

hydrogenation

As more triglycerides are removed from intermediate-density lipoproteins, the IDLs become ______-density lipoproteins.

low

Long chains of carbon atoms take the longest to digest and are transported via the ______ system.

lymphatic

What are some good sources of omega 6-fatty acids? (Check all that apply.)

meat pumpkin seeds corn oil

What is the term for a water-soluble droplet formed by bile acids that is a product of the emulsification process?

micelle

Which of the following represent components associated with a traditional Mediterranean Diet? (Check all that apply.)

olive oil as the main fat moderate drinking of wine high intake of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

What increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and Metabolic Syndrome?

oxidized LDL

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

peanut oil, olive oil

A primary component of cell membranes is _______.

phospholipids

What is an important function of the phospholipid molecule?

phospholipids act as an emulsifier

A ______ fatty acid has 2 or more locations in the carbon chain that are not saturated with hydrogen.

polyunsaturated

Foods that are most likely to become rancid are those high in ______ fats.

polyunsaturated

What are some examples of foods with long-chain fatty acids?

pork, lamb, beef

Short-chain fatty acids are rapidly digested and transported via the ______ system.

portal

HDL has a high proportion of ______, which makes it the heaviest (most dense) lipoprotein.

protein`

Atherosclerotic plaque is probably first deposited to _______.

repair injuries in the arterial lining

What are good sources of omega-3 fatty acids? (Check all that apply.)

salmon chia seeds walnuts

The carbon chains of fatty acids vary in the _____ of the chain.

shape

Phospholipids and cholesterol are digested mostly in the ______.

small intestine

The type of fat that functions primarily to insulate the body is _______.

subcutaneous

Margarine and shortening are major sources of ________.

trans fat

Which type of fat can be reduced in the diet by avoiding foods like deep fried restaurant foods, cookies, and pie crusts?

trans fat, polyunsaturated fat

_________ and fatty acids are essential for optimal health because they provide a concentrated source of energy.

triglycerides

Warning signs of a stroke include ______.

trouble seeing in one or both eyes trouble speaking or understanding numbness on one side of the body

Replacing saturated fat with polyunsaturated fat can be achieved by eating a diet composed of _____. (Check all that apply.)

vegetables fruit lowfat dairy products

The liver coats the cholesterol and triglycerides that it collects with a shell of protein and lipids and produces _________.

very-low-density lipoproteins

Which of the following steps occur in the receptor pathway for cholesterol uptake?

LDL is broken down into protein and free cholesterol. LDL is removed from blood by the B-100 receptor. Components of LDL are used to maintain the cell membrane.

The body uses cholesterol to perform which tasks? (Check all that apply.)

Make bile. Form cell membranes. Make sex hormones.

Which compound's role is to help transport lipids through the water-based blood and lymphatic systems?

lipoprotein

_______ and _______ are digested mostly in the small intestine.

Cholesterol, phospholipids

Put the following steps regarding the digestion and absorption of triglycerides in order.

1. Large fat droplets enter the small intestine after a meal 2. Bile and lecithin emulsify fats into smaller particles 3. Lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids and monoglycerides Monoglycerides and fatty acids are absorbed as micelles and then re-formed into triglycerides 5. Short and medium-chain fatty acids enter the bloodstream 6. Triglycerides combine with cholesterol, protein, and phospholipids to form chylomicrons

Intakes of polyunsaturated fats that exceed ______% of total calorie intake can lead to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease and an impaired immune system.

10

A long-chain fatty acid typically has ______ or more carbon atoms.

12

After _______ hours of fasting, no chylomicrons should be present in the blood. It is best to have people fast for this length of time before having blood lipid profiles because the presence of chylomicrons can affect results.

12-14

How long should one fast in order to obtain an accurate blood lipoprotein profile?

12-14 hours

A triglyceride molecule consists of ____ fatty acid(s) bonded to a glycerol, which serves as a backbone for the fatty acid(s).

3

Omega-____ fatty acids can be made into substances that help decrease inflammation, pain, and blood triglycerides. It is important to consume an adequate amount of this fatty acid in order to get its benefits.

3

How much energy do triglycerides usually provide the body?

30-70%

Children in which age range should make sure to keep total fat intake between 30-35% of calories?

Children 2-3 years of age

Which statements are true about sterols? (Check all that apply.)

Cholesterol is a common example. They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

What is the key role of HDL?

Helps remove cholesterol from cells and excrete cholesterol from the body

Which organ plays a role in developing very-low-density lipoproteins by coating the cholesterol and triglycerides it collects with a shell of protein and lipids?

Liver

What are some good food sources of omega-6 essential fatty acids?

Poultry Sunflower oil Beef

What are some qualities that a triglyceride possesses?

They are stable They are the body's main storage form of energy They are calorie dense

What are some risks associated with the high levels of polyunsaturated fat intake? (Check all that apply.)

impaired immune system increased risk of cardiovascular disease

Triglycerides are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

As triglycerides are released, VLDLs get more and more dense and become ______.

intermediate-density lipoproteins

Cholesterol ______ synthesized by the body.

is

Subcutaneous fat is located _____.

just beneath the skin

Lifestyle changes that can reduce LDL cholesterol levels and reduce health risk include

keeping trans fat intake low. keeping total fat intake between 20% and 35% of total calories.