Chapter 6 Lower Extremity Anatomy
Bone of the leg that is the second largest bone in the body; it is situated on the medial side of the leg is a weight-bearing bone
tibia
Is the larger of the two bones of the leg and consists of one body and two expanded extremities
tibia
What four bones does talus articulate with?
tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular
The superior surfaces of the condyles form smooth facets for articulation with the condyles of the femur; they are flatlike and slope posteriorly about 10 to 20 degrees; they are called ________________________________________
tibial plateaus
On the anterior surface of the tibia just below the condyles, is a prominent process called the __________________________________ which the ligamentum patellae attaches
tibial tuberosity
Many patients with knee injuries do not have fractures, but they may have one or more ________________________________
torn ligaments
Runs from side to side and assists in supporting the longitudinal arch
transverse arch
The lateral surface of the calcaneus contains the ________________________
trochlea
The superior surface of the talus which articulates with the tibia and connects the foot to the leg
trochlea surface
The triangular area superior to the intercondylar fossa on the posterior femur is the ______________________________ over which the popliteal blood vessels and nerves pass
trochlear groove
Articulations between the lateral malleolus of the fibula and the inferior surface and medial malleolus of the tibia Joint type: Movement:
Ankle mortise synovial hinge flexion, extension, small amount of rotation, abduction-adduction, inversion, and eversion
The ankle joint is commonly called the ____________________________________ , or _____________________________ joint
Ankle mortise or mortise joint
Articulation between the cuboid and the navicular tarsal bones Joint type: Movement:
Cuboidonavicular joint Fibrous syndesmosis slightly moveable
Articulation between the lateral cuneiform with the cuboid Joint type:: Movement
Cuneocuboid joint synovial gliding slight gliding movement between the bones
The joints between the distal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints
Knee joint that is the largest joint of the body; Articulation between the femur and tibia Joint type: Movement:
Femorotibial joint synovial modified-hinge flexion, extension, medial and lateral rotation in flexed position
The small, rounded distal end of the metatarsal
Head
Where and when does the patella develop?
In the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle between 3 and 5 years of age
Articulations between the cuneiforms Joint type: Movement:
Intercuneiform joint synovial gliding slight gliding movement between the bones
Articulations between the proximal bases of the metatarsals with one another Joint type: Movement:
Intermetatarsal synovial gliding flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
The great toe only has two phalanges , the joint between them is known simply as the ______________________________
Interphalangeal (IP) joint
Articulations between the phalanges Joint type: Movement:
Interphalangeal (IP) joints Synovial Hinge Flexion and Extension
Articulations between the tarsals Joint type: Movement:
Intertarsal joints synovial gliding or synovial ball-and-socket slight gliding movements between the bones
The articulations between the middle and proximal phalanges
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints
The head of the fibula articulates with the posteroinferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia, which forms the ______________________________ joint Joint type:
Proximal tibiofibular synovial gliding
The fibula articulates with the tibia at its distal and proximal ends these joints are known as ______________ Joint type: Movement:
Proximal tibiofibular and Distal tibiofibular joints synovial gliding and fibrous syndesmosis (slight movement)
Parts of the phalanx
a body and two articular ends (proximal base and distal head)
The femur, tibia, fibula, and patella are held together by _________________________________________ that work together to provide stability for the knee joint
a complex group of ligaments
The bones of the foot are shaped and joined together to form ____________________________________________
a series of longitudinal and tranverse arches
The superior portion of the femur articulates with the ______________________________ of the hip joint
acetablulum
Each foot has how many phalanges
14 2 in great toe (distal and proximal) 3 in each of the other toes (proximal, middle, and distal)
Viewed axially, the lateral malleolus lies approximately ___________________________ degrees more posterior then the medial malleolus (is how much you have to angle part for mortis joint)
15 - 20
Which metatarsal is the shortest and the thickness
1st metatarsal
Tarsal that lies on the lateral side of the foot between the calcaneus and the fourth and fifth metatarsals
cuboid
Tarsal bones that lie at the central and medial aspect of the foot between the navicular bone and the first, second, and third metatarsals
cuneiforms
Tarsal bone which is the sight of many bone spurs
calcaneus
The largest and strongest tarsal bone
calcaneus (os calcis)
How many bones are in the foot?
26
Which metatarsal is the longest
2nd metatarsal
The long axis of the calcaneus is directed inferiorly and forms an angle of approximately ______________________ degrees
30
When the femur is vertical, the medial condyle is lower than the lateral condyle about a _______________________ degree difference exists between the two condyles and because of this difference, on the lateral radiographs of the knee the CR is angled ________________________degrees cephalic to open the joint space of the knee
5-7 degrees
Why is the adductor tubercle important to identify on the lateral knee radiographs?
Because it assists in identifying overrotation or underrotation
Anteriorly, the calcaneus articulates with the cuboid at the ______________________________________ joint Joint type:
Calcaneocuboid joint synovial gliding
7 tarsals of the foot:
Calcaneus, Talus, Navicular, Cuboid, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform
The ___________________________ are commonly torn during injury and a knee arthrogram or a MRI must be performed to visualize a tear
Menisci
Articulations between the navicular tarsal bone and the cuneiforms Joint type Movemant
Naviculocuneiform synovial gliding slight gliding movement between the bones
How are the metatarsals arranged in the foot:
Numbered 1-5 beginning at the medial or great toe side of the foot
The patella articulates with the patellar surface of the femur and protects the front of the knee joint, this articulation is called ____________________________________ Joint type: Movement:
Patellofemoral joint synovial gliding freely moveable over the patellar surface of the femur when knee is extended and relaxed, when the knee is flexed the patella is locked in position in front of patellar surface
Divisions of the bones of the foot:
Phalanges (14) Metatarsals (5) Tarsals (7)
4 important ligaments of the knee:
Posterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate ligament Tibial collateral ligament Fibular collateral ligament
Articulation between the three-faceted joint surface of the calcaneus and the talus Joint type: Movement:
Subtalar joint synovial gliding freely moveable
The talus rests on top of the calcaneus creating the _____________________________ joint Joint type: Movement:
Talocalcaneal joint synovial gliding freely moveable
The calcaneus and talus articulates with the navicular tarsal bone anteriorly forming the ________________________________ joint Joint type: Movement:
Talocalcaneonavicular joint synovial ball-and-socket freely moveable
Articulation between the talus and the fibula Joint type: Movement:
Talofibular joint synovial hinge Flexion and extension
Tarsal that is irregular in form and occupying the superiormost position of the foot and is the second largest tarsal bone
Talus
Articulations between the proximal bases of the metatarsals and the tarsals Joint type: Movement:
Tarsometatarsal (TMT) joints synovial gliding flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction
These bones are designed to bear weight and are considerable differences in thickness
The bones of the foot
What is the function of the menisci?
They provide stability of the knee and act as a shock absorber
2 bones of the leg:
Tibia Fibula
Articulation between the tibia and the talus Joint type Movement
Tibiotalar joint synovial hinge flexion and extension
These joints form a socket type structure that articulates with the superior portion of the talus
Tibotalar and Talofibular joints
The medial condyle of the femur contains the __________________________________ which is located on the posterolateral aspect; it is a raised bony area that receives the tendon of the adductor muscle
adductor tubercle
Extending along the anterior surface of the tibial body, beginning at the tuberosity, is a sharp ridge called the ______________________________
anterior crest
The anterolateral surface of the tibia contains the _________________________________ which overlays the fibula
anterior tubercle
3 articular facets of the calcaneus that join with the talus
anterior, middle, and posterior facets
At the lateroposterior aspect of the head of the fibula is a conic projection called the ______________________
apex
Part of the patella that is directed inferiorly and lies 1/2 inch above the joint space of the knee, and is attached to the tuberosity of the tibia by the patellar ligament
apex
The knee joint is enclosed in an ____________________________ and is held together by _______________________________
articular capsule numerous ligaments
The five heads of the metatarsals form the _____________________ of the foot
ball
The expanded proximal end of the metatarsal
base
The superior border of the patella is called the __________________
base
The ______________________ of the femur is cylindric, is slightly convex anteriorly, and slants medially 5-15 degrees
body
Between the middle and posterior talar articular facets of the calcaneus is a groove called _____________________ which corresponds to a similar groove on the inferior surface of the talus
calcaneal sulcus
Sesamoid bone on the posterior area of the knee, between the condyles of the femur, present in 3% to 5% of people and is only seen on the lateral projection of the knee
fabella
The superior surface of the foot is termed the ________________________
dorsum or dorsal surface
The longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body, consists of one body and two articular extremities
femur
Bone of the leg slightly posterior to the tibia on the lateral side of the leg; it does not bear any body weight
fibula
Leg bone that is slender compared with its length and consists of the body and two articular extremities
fibula
The lateral surface of the tibia is flattened and contains the triangular __________________________________ for articulation with the fibula
fibular notch
4 divisions of the lower extremity:
foot, leg, thigh, and hip
Division of the foot that includes the metatarsals and toes
forefoot
3 divisions of the foot:
forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot
The ____________________ of the talus is directed anteriorly and has articular surfaces that join the navicular bone and calcaneus
head
The lateral condyle of the tibia has a facet at its distal posterior surface for articulation with the _____________________ of the fibula
head
The proximal end of the fibula is expanded into a ______________________, which articulates with the lateral condyle of the tibia
head
3 parts of the metatarsals:
head, body, and base
Division of the foot that includes the talus and the calcaneus
hindfoot
Between the tibial plateaus is a sharp projection called _____________________________________ which terminates in two peaklike processes called _______________________________________
intercondylar eminence medial and lateral intercondylar tubercles
Posteriorly, the condyles of the femur are separated by a deep depression called the __________________________________
intercondylar fossa
The smallest of the three cuneiform bones
intermediate cuneiform
What ligament passes through the calcaneal sulcus?
interosseous ligament
These joints spaces are narrow and obliquely situated. When they are in question, it is necessary to angle the x-ray tube or adjust the foot to place the joint spaces parallel with the CR
intertarsal joint spaces
One of the most complex joints in the human body
knee joint
2 large eminences at the distal,broadened end of the femur:
larger medial condyle smaller lateral condyle
Two prominent process of the proximal end of the tibia
lateral and medial condyles
A slight prominence above and within the curve of each condyle forms the ________________________________
lateral and medial epicondyles
The knee joint contains two fibrocartilage disks called ____________________________________________; they lie on the tibial plateaus and are circular in shape; they are thick at the outer margin of the joint and taper off toward the center of the tibial plateau
lateral and medial meniscus
The enlarged distal end of the fibula is the ___________________________________ which is pyramidal and is marked by several depressions at its inferior and posterior surfaces
lateral malleolus
Function as a shock absorber to distribute the weight of the body in all directions, which permits smooth walking
longitudinal arch
The largest of the three cuneiform bones
medial cuneiform
The distal end of the tibia is broad, and its medial surface is prolonged into a large process called the ________________________________
medial malleolus
Beginning at the medial side of the foot, the cuneiforms are described as ____________________________________
medial, intermediate, and lateral
Articulations between the distal heads of the metatarsals and the proximal ends of the phalanges Joint type: Movement:
metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints synovial ellipsoidal flexion, extension, and slight adduction and abduction
Division of the foot that includes five tarsal (cuneiforms, navicular, and cuboid bones)
midfoot
Tarsal bone that lies on the medial side of the foot between the talus and the three cuneiforms
navicular
Is the largest and most constant sesamoid bone in the body; it is a flat, triangular bone situated at the distal anterior surface of the femur
patella
Anteriorly,the condyles of the femur are separated by the ___________________________________, which is a shallow, triangular depression
patellar surface
The inferior or posterior aspect of the foot is termed the __________________________________
planter surface
The posterior and inferior portions of the calcaneus contain the _________________________ for the attachment of the Achilles tendon
posterior tuberosity
The base of the fifth metatarsal contains a _________________________________________, which is a common site of fractures
prominent tuberosity
Two small bones located beneath the head of the first metatarsal; they are detached from the foot and embedded within two tendons; they are seen on most adult foot radiographs and are a common site of fractures and must be shown radiographically
sesamoid bones
The calcaneal sulcus and the sulcus tali on the inferior surface of the talus make up the _________________________________
sinus tarsi
Located on the inferior surface of the talus is a groove called ______________________ which forms the roof of the sinus tarsi
sulcus tali
The medial aspect of the calcaneus extends outward as a shelflike overhang and is termed the ____________________________________
sustentaculum tali
2 Divisions of the mortise joint:
talofibular joint tibiotalar joint