Chapter 6-Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination

How does the doll study relate to the negative social identity theory?

One interpretation of the doll study is that minority group members chose the white doll because they hold a negative social identity about their own group

Negative Social Identity: One of the assumptions underlying social identity theory is what? How does this work for minority group members?

There are positively valued dimensions in which self-stereotyping can occur and positive distinctiveness can be achieved -For minority group members, achieving positive distinctiveness may be difficult

Define distributive justice rules.

Distributive justice rules are implicit and sometimes explicit rules or expectations governing how outcomes or benefits should be divided. In other words, relative deprivation arises when there is a perception of an distribution of resources

What follows a result of the competition? What is the most famous study that demonstrates the Realistic Group Conflict Theory? Describe its basic layout

-Attitudes, stereotypes, and prejudice often follow as a result of the competition -Sherif's 1954-1959 camp studies (the Robbers cave studies) are the most famous example of the RGCT -Over 5 years, white middle class boys were divided into 2 teams, and put into contact with eachother over a series of contests where only one team could win

After one week, what did competition produce in Sherif's study?

-One week of competition produced negative out-group attitudes, stereotyping, and out-group discrimination -At the same time, the same competition produced positive in-group attitudes, increased cohesion, solidarity and altered in-group status relationships

In the initial camp studies, the two groups were always equal in ____ and ____. How is this different from most group conflicts? When the majority dominates the minority, or denies benefits to them, there may be ___ or ___ conflict. Why does this happen?

-Power and status -Most conflicts involve groups that are unequal in power and status -Overt or covert -This is because between group relationships are perceived as fixed and impermeable.

What is realistic group conflict theory? According to this theory, why do we come to dislike out-groups? What does this competition involve?

-Realistic group conflict theory proposes that people join groups because it is easier and sometimes the only way to acquire desired and often scarce resources. -Sometimes we come to dislike out-groups because our in-group is in competition with the out-group for those scarce resources. -This competition involves a zero sum payoff

When does relative deprivation occur? What does relative deprivation theory argue? What can social comparison standards occur between?

-Relative deprivation occurs when there is a real or perceived difference between expectations and outcomes. -Relative deprivation theory argues that emotional and behavioural reactions occur when social comparisons reveal discrepancies between behaviour and some standard. -Social comparisons can occur between: 1. Other groups 2. Between past outcomes and current outcomes(ideographic comparison) 3. Between present and anticipated future outcomes(temporal comparison)

Who developed social identity theory? What did they question? What did they argue? What do tajfel and turner mean by social identity?

-Tajfel and Turner -Whether competition between groups was necessary for prejudice and discrimination to develop -Argued that people strive to maintain positive in-group distinctiveness, and in doing so develop a favourable social identity, and self-esteem enhancement -By social identity, Tajfel and Turner mean that part of the self-concept that was derived from the importance that people attach to their group memberships

In what ways can the oppressed group respond to the dominant group?

-by accepting the dominant groups view of them (Stable oppresion) -they internalize the dominant groups value system and reject their own value system (false consciousness)

Feelings of _______ and ________ are further increased when distributive justice rules failures are compounded by a failure of _______ _______. What is this term?

-resentment and bitterness, procedural justice -Procedural justice refers to the transparency in the process by which decisions are made. Procedural justice rules that are transparent and applied equally to all are seen as fair and just.

Duckitt suggests that there are 2 types of between group conflict. What are they called?

1. Competition between unequal groups 2. Unstable oppression

In order for dimensions to be used to self stereotype and for positive distinctiveness to be achieved, what needs to happen?

1. Minority group members need to know about these dimensions 2. There must be consensus amoung the minority/majority group members that the chosen dimensions are valued

What events lead to scape goating?

1. Negative social event (war, economic downturn, pandemic). Things do not seem to affect them but adversly effect the outgroup. 2. GROUP LEVEL EMOTIONS: anger, frustration, relative deprivation. 3. Attributions of blame and cognitive biases 4. Scapegoat ideology-the cause of the negative social event and emotions

What are 3 ways that minority group members can achieve positive distinctiveness?

1. Physically leave their group and join a high status group (immigration, move to a new neighbourhood) 2. Attempt to pass as a majority group member 3. Seek to re-define the intergroup situation so that once devalued dimensions are now valued -Historical revisions -Political organizations -Legal challenges

What are 2 ways that the dominate group can respond to the challenge or confrontation?

1. Unjustified challenge: If the dominant group sees the out-group as a threat to current status relationships or the existing social order, the dominant groups will see the possible status change as insubordination, and will respond with threats and whatever action it takes to maintain the status quo. 2. Justified challenge: the concerns of the subordinatee group are seen as legitimate and their concerns merit attention. Subordinate group is given power and authority to demand change.

People will feel relatively deprived when 3 things happen. What are they?

1. when the person comes up short from comparisons between their current outcomes and what similar others are getting. These "others" are typically groups that the persons sees as similar to their group in some respect. 2. An idiographic comparison, the person compares present outcomes to what they recieved in the past 3. Temporal comparisons lead to deprivation when current increases were not as large as expected (rising expectations and the J curve hypothesis).

Describe the nature of intergroup relations (7 Points)

1.The source of prejudice, discrimination and stereotyping are located in the relationships between groups. 2.There are a number of relationships groups can have with each other. 3.These relationships are reflected in terms of the group goals and objectives. These objectives can be unrelated to, incompatible, compatible, or interdependent with the objectives of other groups. 4.In addition to goal relationships, the group's social standing (perceived status relationships) relative to other groups must be considered. 5.Perceived status relationships are important because status often influences the social identity of group members. 6.A well-defined and secure group identity leads to different attitudes toward in-group and out-group members than do identities that are poorly defined or associated with low status groups. 7. The three theories we will discuss consider the influence of intergroup relations and group status on intergroup attitudes and identities. (Realistic group conflict theory, social identity theory, relative deprivation theory).

A number of correlational and experimental studies indicate that feelings of relative deprivation lead to prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination only if what? What does this reflect?

A number of correlational and experimental studies indicate that feelings of relative deprivation lead to prejudice, stereotyping and discrimination only if the aggrieved individual or group feels that the other group is receiving more and the in-group is receiving less. -reflects a failure of distributive justice rules.

What is self-stereotyping? What are 2 consequences of this?

A person becomes group identified when a person identifies with what the group stands for and what the group represents. a.One result of self-stereotyping is the person's feeling that what happens to the group happens to the person and visa versa (perceived common fate and self-anchoring). One consequence of self-anchoring is that the person comes to see the group and themselves as one (perceived unit relationship), and no distinction between themselves and the group (depersonalization) There is no I there is

What did Corenblum (2014) find in line with the social identity hypothesis?

Age---> Cognitive development----->Level of racial/ethnic identity----> Positive in-group attitudes-----> Self esteem increases

How did allport see scapegoating? How did other views see the scape goat group?

Allport saw scapegoating as a result of defense mechanisms; these mechanisms tell us more about the perceivers faults and fears than about the targeted group. -Other views saw the scape goat group as being disadvantaged economically, socially, or politically

What is the initial step to creating positive in-group distinctiveness? What happens after this? How is positive distincetiveness for ones group (and thereby theirself) achieved?

Categorizing people into an in-group and out-group When categories are created, it leads very quickly to making social comparisons between in-group and out-group members, comparisons on those dimensions that favour the in-group(in-group biases). This was shown in the minimal group paradigm. -People strive to accentuate, in a positive direction, differences between in group and out-group members.

Explain what cognitive biases do. What does the sociological perspective tell us and not tell us

Cognitive biases such as selective information search, selective memory, perceived out-group homogeneity, stereotyping, and negative trait attributions stemming from collective frustrations and negative emotions create conditions for system-justifying ideology facilitating scape goat creation and violence. -The sociological perspective tells us the conditions under which scapegoating is possible, but not what group will be scape goated.

What would be the motivation behind changing a negative social identity?

Having a negative social identity is assumed to be an aversive experience, motivating individuals to psychologically distance themsevles from other out-group members, and join a higher status group. Joining a high status group would result in them having a positive social identity, and an increase in self esteem

What is ironic about relative deprivation? At the individual level, who is the target?

Ironically, when people feel relatively deprived the group that caused the deprivation is often not the target of the in-group's frustration, prejudice and discrimination. At the individual level, the target is ironically people who are just like the people feeling deprived.

As a result, what may minority group members acquire?

Minority group members may acquire a negative social identity because they do not know the dimensions for valuing their group or those dimensions are not consensually valued.

Describe between group conflict

Results of competition or colonization leads one group to: -dominate other groups -Leads the dominate group to develop negative attitudes towards and stereotypes about the dominated group -Because stereotypes contain negative qualities that justify out-group suppression, these stereotypes become legitimizing myths that perpetuate the domination

Despite intergroup hostilities, both groups enjoyed their experience. Sherif used that motivation to create a series of "events" that required the activation of both groups to compete. What type of goal is this called, and what did it lead to?

Superordinate goals: lead to a reduction in the negative consequences of competition

At the group level, groups that are targetted are called what?

Scapegoats

What is unstable oppression?

Unstable oppression is when the subordinate group rejects the dominant groups attitudes and stereotypes about them, and sees the dominate group as oppressive. -Perceiving the dominant group as oppressive leads the subordinate group to develop anger and hostility towards the dominant group -Feelings of anger and hostility lead the subordinate group to challenge and confront the dominant groups oppression and domination.

What does the Sociological perspective say about scape goating?

When there is a group level collective frusturation, this turns into a social movements. The social movements contain scape goat ideologies, which then lead to organized persecutions Although intitial frustrations may have arised from various sources, it is the scape goat ideology that is seen as the immediate cause of aggression.

According to social identity theory, there are 2 principles that explain in group biases. What is the first one?

a. Categorization-competition - categorizing people into an in-group and out-group is all that is necessary to create in-group biases and inter-group competition (through social comparisons). i.In-group and out-group categorization leads to out-group homogeneity and in-group heterogeneity. ii.Categorization leads to positive accentuation effects: the in-group is seen as better on the chosen dimensions than it really is, and the groups are seen as being more distinct than they really are.

In group, ideographic, or temporal conditions, deprived individuals will feel like they deserve better or deserve more. When will these feelings be acute?

a. If the comparison group is similar to the other persons group b. The other group derived benefits for reasons not related to the outcomes(i.e. illegitimate gains) c. Other group derived benefits through conquest or juridical means

What are targeted groups targets of? What groups are likely to be scape-goated?

a.According to the stereotype content model, groups seen as low in warmth but high in competence (LW-HC) are targets of envious prejudice - admired but yet resented for their success. b.These groups are stereotyped as overly competent (too ambitious, too hardworking, too successful) and are seen as having hostile, competitive, threatening motives toward the majority in-group.

What is the second principle that explains in group biases, according to the social identity theory

b.The self-esteem hypothesis - in-group biases shown by group members reflect indirect attempts by those members to enhance their self-esteem. i.Because people identify with their group, feelings of pride and happiness result when the group is successful (self-anchoring and common fate). ● People derive self-esteem benefits from the performance of their group. We bask in the reflected glory of the successes of the groups with whom we identify

Why are HCLW groups targets of prejudice? When is this effect amplified? What conditions put minority group members at risk?

d.These groups become scapegoats because they are assumed to have economic, social or political power or have access to powerful others, possess intentions to harm the in-group and seen as causing group-level frustrations. e.It is not the weak social group that targeted, but the strong ones that create envy and mistrust due to their power; especially when envy and mistrust have historical roots. f.When a history of envious prejudice interacts with steep declines in societal fortunes, successful minorities and successful others are at risk (e.g. Jews in 1940 Europe; Asians in Uganda; groups that benefit from affirmative action).

iIn a review of the self-esteem hypothesis, what did Aberson et al (2000) find?

iii.In a review of the self-esteem hypothesis, Aberson et al (2000) found support for the idea that positive in-group attitudes predict increases in self-esteem. iv.No support was found for the idea that low self-esteem motivates in-group biases.