Chapter 6: Proteins
In developing countries, which circumstance may increase the risk for protein-calorie malnutrition?
-Deficiency of calories -Deficiency of protein
Which of the following are characteristics of kwashiorkor?
-Edema -Fatty liver -Lack of growth
How many amino acids are considered essential?
9
The liver and kidneys must work hard to derive energy from _____, which makes it a costly source of calories.
Protein
Every cell contain protein
True
A(n) _____ is any compound that resists changes in acid-base conditions in a solution
buffer
Sickle cell disease occurs when _____ are out of order on a protein
Amino acids
What type of supplement would a person take who wants to lose weight or build muscle?
Amino acids
Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the ______ code.
DNA
It is the role of _____, located in a cell's nucleus, to store the instructions for protein synthesis.
DNA
Which of the following occurs with inadequate consumption of protein?
-Edema can develop -Immune function is impaired -Protein concentration in the blood drops
Leucine, isoleucine, and valine are examples of
-Essential amino acids -Branched-chain amino acids
Which type of protein-calorie malnutrition leads to sever muscle wasting and a "skin and bones" appearance?
Marasmus
Lower quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential
Amino acids
Most plant proteins are examples of complete proteins
False
Protein synthesis takes place in the nucleus
False
There is very little risk involved in taking amino acids as supplements
False
Proteins supply the body with about _____ kilocalories per gram
4
Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.
56 grams
What is the RDA of protein for a typical (154 lb.) man?
56 grams
A _____ diet is best for getting high-quality protein because of the wide variety of foods available to contribute the nine essential amino acids
Mixed
What macronutrient provides the highest feeling of satiety?
Protein
_____ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acidy join together to form this nutrient.
Protein
Changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally
True
Many diseases stem from errors in the DNA code
True
Vitamin C helps with the absorption of iron
True
Who has a lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and many forms of cancer?
Vegetarians
An infant that slowly starves to death by not getting enough calories or getting too little protein and other nutrients has _____
marasmus
The defining characteristic of a nut is that it grows on a _____
tree
Edema refers to
a buildup of fluid in extracellular spaces
Most _____ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all nine essential amino acids
animal
The "instructions" for making proteins are located in the: a) Cell membrane b) Nucleus c) Cytoplasm d) Lysosome
b) Nucleus
Which of the following groups accounts for the differences among amino acids? a) Amine Group b) R Group c) Acid Group d) Keto Group
b) R Group
Whey protein is popular among strength-training athletes because it is particularly rich in leucine, isoleucine, and valine; also called the _____ amino acids
branched-chain
The basic building block of a protein is called a(n): a) Fatty acid b) Monosaccharide c) Amino Acid d) Gene
c) Amino Acid
Essential Amino Acids
cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts or at all, must be included in the diet
Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies
-Lack of nutrients -Calorie deficiency
What are some vegetarian foods that supply the body with vitamin B-12?
-Breakfast cereals -Fortified soy milk
A person chooses to use amino acid supplements to
-Build muscle -Lose weight
Children following a vegan or vegetarian diet may be at risk for deficiencies of
-Calcium -Vitamin D -Iron -Vitamin B-12
Which of the following are the two primary sources of fuel for cells?
-Carbohydrates -Fats
Components that make up amino acid
-Carbon -Oxygen -Hydrogen -Nitrogen
Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevent of
-Cardiovascular disease -Cancer
When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids are
-Converted into glucose or fat -Metabolized as fuel
Which of the following are true about complete protein sources?
-Most foods of animal origin are sources of complete protein -Supplies all nine essential amino acids
Which foods could be a lactovegetarian choose for breakfast?
-Oatmeal with butter and brown sugar -Calcium-fortified orange juice -Yogurt with granola and blueberries
Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?
-Oxygen -Carbon -Hydrogen -Nitrogen
Which of the following are true statement about the functions of protein?
-Protein serves multiple functions in the body -Proteins is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance, and cell repair
Many of the proposed anti-cancer effects of foods containing plant protein are through _____ mechanisms
Antioxidant
A(n) _____ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.
Complementary
The DNA code for synthesis for a specific protein must be transferred from the cell's nucleus to the _____ to allow for protein synthesis
Cytoplasm
The DNA code for synthesis of a specific protein must be transferred from the cell's nucleus to the _____ to allow for protein synthesis
Cytoplasm
A(n) ______ amino acid cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts, or at all, and must be included in the diet
Essential
There are nine _____ amino acids that cannot be produced by the body and must be consumed as part of our diet
Essential
A diet high in animal proteins can reduce a person's chance of developing cardiovascular disease.
False
Most enzymes are lipids
False
Most foods of plant origin supply ample amounts of all nine essential amino acids
False
It is uncommon for intact proteins to be absorbed from the digestive tract except in _____
Infants
_____ is known as "the disease the first child gets when the new child comes."
Kwashiorkor
A(n) _____ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts
Nonessential
Where is DNA located in a cell?
Nucleus
Although they are a dense source of calories, _____ provide many health benefits
Nuts
______ is a nutrient that forms important structures in the body, makes up a key part of the blood, helps regulate many body functions, and can fuel body cells. Amino acids join together to form this nutrient.
Protein
Intact proteins are _____ absorbed from the digestive tract
Rarely
DNA used for protein synthesis is transcribed from a cell's nucleus to the cytoplasm by mRNA
True
A(n) _____ is part of a plant family with pods that contain a single row of seeds. Examples include: peanuts, garden peas, and lentils
legume
Chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the
-Small intestine -Stomach
Marasmus
-Slow in onset -Severe weight loss
Reasons people choose to become vegetarians include_____
-Religion -Economics -Ethics -Health
The downward trend in meat consumption of Americans results from the rising cost of beef and a conscious decision to eat less red meat for _____ reasons
-Environmental -Social -Health
Kwashiorkor
-Fatty liver -Rapid onset
Choose the eight foods that account for 90% of food-related allergies
-Fish -Milk -Soy -Tree nuts -Wheat -Shellfish -Eggs -Peanuts
Which of the following meals would be acceptable for a lactovoovegetarian?
-Spinach and artichoke lasagna with Alfredo sauce; Italian bread; iced tea -Poached eggs; whole-wheat toast with jam; banana; orange juice
Proteins serve which of the following functions?
-Synthesis of enzymes and hormones -Maintenance of fluid balance -Building block for muscles and bone -Aid in blood clotting
Which of these foods will a vegan eat?
-Tofu -Vegetable oil -Watermelon
Which of the following is a poor source of vitamin B-12?
-Vegetables
Which of the following are good sources of iron in a vegan diet?
-Whole grains -Nuts -Legumes
Put the steps of protein digestion in the correct order, from start to finish
1) Partially digested proteins move from the stomach into the small intestine 2) Partially digested proteins trigger the release of the hormone CCK 3) CCK causes the pancreas to release protein-splitting enzymes 4) Trypsin divides the chains of amino acids into smaller amino acid segments
There are a total of ______ nonessential amino acids that the body needs in order to function
11
How many different amino acids does the body use (including essential and nonessential)?
20
If Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?
70 (154/2.2= 70kg)
A(n) _____ amino acid is the essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs and limits the amount of protein a body can synthesize
Limiting
_____ is a major stomach enzyme used for digesting proteins
Pepsin
A(n) _____ bond is a chemical bond formed between single amino acids in a protein
Peptide
A(n) _____ bond is formed between amino acids in a protein. It is difficult to break, but acids, enzymes, and other agents are able to do so, during digestion.
Peptide
Amino acids are the building blocks of
Protein
Slightly exceeding your needs for _____ may be beneficial when cutting calories to lose weight.
Protein
What macronutrient is a key component of the cells within the immune system and makes up many of the antibodies that defend the body from illness?
Protein
Due to starvation, amino acids from muscle tissue are converted into glucose. This wastes muscle tissue and can lead to edema.
True
Final digestion of amino acid chains takes place in the small intestine
True
Vitamin B-12 is found primarily in animal foods
True
Conditionally essential amino acids
amino acids made from essential amino acids if insufficient amounts are eaten; can become essential during times of rapid growth, disease, or metabolic stress
The meat consumption of Americans has been
declining
Limiting Amino Acid
essential amino acid in lowest concentration in food or diet relative to body needs
A _____ protein balance occurs when proteins intake exceeds daily protein losses
positive
Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor are true?
-Fatty liver is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor -Edema is a possible consequence of kwashiorkor -A young child may develop kwashiorkor when he is abruptly weaned from breast milk to starchy gruels
Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer-fighting antioxidants?
-Fruits -Grains -Vegetables
The downward trend in meat consumption of Americans results from the rising cost of beef and a conscious decision to eat less meat for _____ reasons.
-Health -Environmental -Social
Which of the following are potential causes of denaturation?
-Heat -Stomach Acid
A protein that contains all nine essential amino acid is a(n) _____ protein
-High-quality -Complete
Most _____ proteins do not meet the human need for essential amino acids. These proteins are frequently low in one or more of the nine essential amino acids.
-Incomplete -Plant -Lower-quality
Which of the following nutrients can be broken down to yield energy?
-Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids
How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?
-Pump ions into and out of cells -Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH
Which of the following are potential health benefits of consuming plant proteins in place of animal sources of protein?
-Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease -Reduced risk for obesity -Reduced risk for cancer -Reduced risk for type 2 diabetes -Lower blood pressure
The nucleus is the storage site for _____ in the cell
DNA
