Chapter 6 Psych

Which of the following is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by making the information meaningful in some way? a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. rote learning d. encoding specificity e. social position

a. elaborative rehearsal

For which of the following pieces of information would a person be LEAST likely to use the method of chunking? a. a ten-digit telephone number b. a nine-digit social security number c. a sixteen-digit account number d. a five-digit zip code e. a twenty-four digit product serial number

d. a five-digit zip code

People's memories of the terror attacks on September 11, 2001, are best described as: a. recognition. b. flashbulb memories. c. procedural memories d. implicit memories. e. sense memories.

b. flashbulb memories.

It is extremely difficult to bring ______ into consciousness. a. semantic memories b. implicit memories c. sensory memories d. episodic memories e. flashbulb memories

b. implicit memories

Suki fell and broke her arm at the age of two, but when asked if she remembers, she notes that she has no recollection of the incident. Suki's inability to recall the event might be best explained as _______. a. retrograde amnesia b. infantile amnesia c. anterograde amnesia d. autobiographical amnesia e. the curve of forgetting

b. infantile amnesia

When Tenesha was introduced to Pebbles, she noted that Pebbles would be easy to remember because it was the same name of her very first puppy. Tenesha was able to use ______ to remember Pebbles' name. a. eidetic imagery b. selective attention c. maintenance rehearsal d. elaborative rehearsal e. chunking

d. elaborative rehearsal

________ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved. a. Encoding specificity b. Retroactive recall c. Dynamic memory d. Kinetic memory e. Serial position

a. Encoding specificity

Echoic memory lasts ______ iconic memory. a. about 2 to 4 seconds longer than b. about 2 to 4 minutes longer than c. about the same amount of time as d. for a shorter time than e. about 15 to 30 seconds longer than

a. about 2 to 4 seconds longer than

Eve is able to remember her Social Security number by breaking it into three parts—three numbers-two numbers-four numbers. Eve is using the process of: a. chunking. b. selective attention. c. retrieval. d. maintenance rehearsal. e. automatic encoding.

a. chunking.

On the first day of school, all of the students in Mrs. Randall's class shared with her their names. Mrs. Randall's students were engaging in the process of ________. a. encoding b. decoding c. retrieval d. storage e. reporting

a. encoding

Early memories from the first few years of our lives are often difficult to bring into consciousness because they tend to be: a. implicit. b. explicit. c. in working memory. d. unimportant. e. episodic.

a. implicit.

The _________ assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored. a. information-processing model b. parallel distributed processing model c. levels-of-processing model d. sensory memory model e. serial effect model

a. information-processing model

As Nevide was listening to the radio, an old song that he hadn't heard in a very long time began to play. To his amazement, not only was he able to sing along, but he remembered every word. It appears that the song that Nevide heard on the radio was stored in his ______ memory. a. long-term b. short-term c. echoic d. working e. semantic

a. long-term

Long-term memories may be inaccessible because: a. of interference. b. most of them are actually lost. c. most people don't try hard enough to retrieve them. d. they were not encoded in the first place. e. of long-term potentiation in the brain.

a. of interference.

Your mother tells you, "You could be in a room filled with noise, but you always hear what you want to hear." This statement best reflects which of the following concepts related to short-term memory? a. selective attention b. echoic memory c. photographic memory d. eidetic imagery e. flashbulb memory

a. selective attention

You walk into a room and know that there's something you need, but in order to remember it, you have to go back to the room you started in and use your surroundings. This illustrates: a. the importance of retrieval cues in memory. b. the role of the recency effect. c. the role of the primacy effect. d. the importance of maintenance rehearsal in memory. e. the role of state-dependent memory.

a. the importance of retrieval cues in memory.

Kevin was in a study during which he was shown a photo of a man with straight hair. Later, he was asked if he noticed the man's curly hair. Kevin was then convinced that the man in the photo had curly hair. This is an example of: a. the misinformation effect. b. false-memory syndrome. c. the curve of forgetting. d. retrograde amnesia. e. retroactive interference.

a. the misinformation effect.

________ memory is like a giant filing system in which the "files" are individual bits and pieces of memories stored in a highly organized and interconnected fashion. a. Short-term b. Long-term c. Biographical d. Historical e. Declarative

b. Long-term

Decay is the fading of: a. procedural memory. b. a memory trace. c. implicit memory. d. the semantic network. e. autobiographical memory.

b. a memory trace.

In order to remember the short list of groceries her mother gave to her, Serita repeated the list to herself over and over again until she got all of the items from the store that she needed. Serita's method of memorizing the grocery list involved the process of _______. a. chunking b. maintenance rehearsal c. memory tracing d. echoic rehearsal e. elaborative rehearsal

b. maintenance rehearsal

The ________ is derived from work in the development of artificial intelligence. a. misinformation effect b. parallel distributed processing model c. levels-of-processing model d. encoding stage e. information channels model

b. parallel distributed processing model

Research suggests that short-term memories are stored in the: a. parietal and frontal lobes. b. prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe. c. occipital and parietal lobes. d. temporal and parietal lobes. e. prefrontal cortex and parietal lobe.

b. prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe.

Once you learn how to tie your shoes, the action becomes part of: a. working memory. b. procedural memory. c. declarative memory. d. sensory memory. e. semantic memory.

b. procedural memory.

In spite of the loud music and many conversations at the party, Rachel was able to hear her friend say her name. Rachel's ability to hear her name regardless of the background noise is an example of: a. iconic memory. b. selective attention. c. procedural memory. d. maintenance rehearsal. e. semantic memory.

b. selective attention.

You know the name of the first president of the United States without giving it a moment's thought. This is: a. implicit memory. b. semantic memory. c. episodic memory. d. a retrieval cue. e. a flashbulb memory.

b. semantic memory.

In the three-stage process of memory, the second stage is: a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. retrieval. e. iconic memory.

b. short-term memory.

Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by: a. age. b. symptoms of depression. c. family history of mental illness. d. socioeconomic status. e. level of education.

b. symptoms of depression.

A study conducted by Pezdek and Hodge (1999) asked children to read five different summaries of childhood events. Two of these events were false, but only one of the two false events were plausible. The children were all told that all of the events happened to them as small children. The results of this study indicated: a. that the true events were significantly less likely to be remembered than were the implausible false events. b. that the plausible false events were significantly more likely to be remembered as false memories than were the implausible false events. c. that the true events were significantly more likely to be remembered than were the implausible false events. d. that the plausible false events were significantly less likely to be remembered as false memories than were the implausible false events. e. that plausible and implausible events were remembered as memories equally due to the serial effect of infantile amnesia.

b. that the plausible false events were significantly more likely to be remembered as false memories than were the implausible false events.

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is: a. the recency effect. b. the primacy effect. c. state-dependent learning. d. recognition. e. the forgetting curve.

b. the primacy effect.

Pedro was able to recall his new friend's phone number by reminding himself that the last four digits were the same as his own, just in a different order. Pedro was able to use _______ to help him remember his friend's phone number. a. implicit memory b. the digit-span technique c. a retrieval cue d. chunking e. the serial position effect

c. a retrieval cue

An example of an episodic memory would be: a. the fact that 2 plus 2 equals 4. b. how to ride a bicycle. c. a special gift you received on your 13th birthday. d. the names of the planets in the solar system. e. the steps in changing a flat tire

c. a special gift you received on your 13th birthday.

In _________, new long-term declarative memories cannot be formed. a. retrograde amnesia b. loss of procedural memory c. anterograde amnesia d. long-term memory loss e. the curve of forgetting

c. anterograde amnesia

It has been five years since you've taken a psychology course and you find yourself back in school taking Introduction to Psychology all over again. Unfortunately, you're having a very difficult time remembering anything that you previously learned. Your forgetting in this situation is most likely due to _____. a. the primacy effect b. the recency effect c. decay d. proactive interference e. retrograde amnesia

c. decay

Jamie has the ability to look quickly at a page in a book, then focus on a blank piece of paper and "read" the words from the image of the page in the book that still linger in his sensory memory. Jamie's ability is an example of: a. echoic memory. b. short-term memory. c. eidetic imagery. d. sensory memory. e. working memory.

c. eidetic imagery.

George Miller concluded that the capacity of the STM is: a. almost endless. b. exactly seven bits of information. c. from five to nine bits of information. d. around 20 bits of information. e. several hundred bits of information.

c. from five to nine bits of information.

The case of H. M. shows that the ______ is integral in the formation of new long-term declarative memories. a. prefrontal cortex b. medulla c. hippocampus d. amygdala e. parietal lobe

c. hippocampus

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory? a. converting sound into vibrations b. bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind c. holding information just long enough to work with it d. converting visual information into something meaningful e. repeating directions to a location right after receiving them

c. holding information just long enough to work with it

You always ask for a window whenever you fly because you love looking at the clouds and their shapes as the plane flies above them. The type of sensory memory used when viewing the clouds is _______ memory. a. working b. echoic c. iconic d. photographic e. microsaccadic

c. iconic

Erik solved a crossword puzzle on Monday. By Thursday, he could not remember the words in the puzzle. On Thursday night when he was playing a word game with his best friend, however, he unconsciously used words that were in the puzzle. Erik's experience is an example of: a. procedural memory. b. explicit memory. c. implicit memory. d. episodic memory. e. working memory

c. implicit memory.

Ebbinghaus found that forgetting: a. happens several hours after learning. b. is unnecessary. c. is greatest just after learning. d. is avoidable. e. is caused by distributed practice.

c. is greatest just after learning.

The constructive processing view says that every time a memory is retrieved: a. another memory is lost. b. it is exactly the same. c. it may be altered or revised in some way. d. one must rehearse it to keep it in LTM. e. it becomes stronger and more detailed.

c. it may be altered or revised in some way.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a test using recall? a. short answer b. fill-in-the-blank c. matching d. essay e. true/false

c. matching

When Diana remodeled her kitchen, she moved the clock from one wall to another. Now every time she enters the kitchen, she looks at the blank wall to see the time. Diana is experiencing: a. retrograde amnesia. b. anterograde amnesia. c. proactive interference. d. retroactive interference. e. memory trace decay.

c. proactive interference.

Ruth was in a car accident that resulted in a head injury. She cannot remember the events that occurred several hours prior to the accident. Ruth is experiencing: a. infantile amnesia. b. anterograde amnesia. c. retrograde amnesia. d. autobiographical memory. e. the curve of forgetting.

c. retrograde amnesia.

As Amanda was reading through her course text, she couldn't remember anything that she read. She realized that although she was seeing the words, she wasn't processing the information. The information-processing memory system being used by Amanda was _______ memory. a. short-term b. echoic c. sensory d. working e. eidetic

c. sensory

Chris learns her vocabulary words while listening to upbeat, happy music, and is then better able to remember them later if she is happy. This is called: a. recognition. b. procedural memory. c. state-dependent learning. d. episodic memory. e. aural encoding.

c. state-dependent learning.

Jade was asked to participate in an experiment. The experimenter read aloud to her a series of numbers that she was then asked to repeat back to him in the same order. As Jade continued to answer correctly, the lists became longer and longer until she finally couldn't get the numbers right. The experiment in which Jade was asked to participate involved the use of what memory test? a. working memory test b. echoic memory test c. the digit-span test d. selective attention test e. the elaborative rehearsal test

c. the digit-span test

When given a list of grocery items to remember, Marissa can only recall the last several items on the list. Marissa's memory lapse is a good illustration of _______. a. the primacy effect b. anterograde amnesia c. the recency effect d. retrograde amnesia e. the digit-span effect

c. the recency effect

Which is an example of a recognition task? a. filling out a job application b. completing a short-answer question c. writing an essay question d. doing a word search puzzle e. describing an event from last year

d. doing a word search puzzle

Manny was talking to his friend as he was walking out the door. A few minutes later, Manny asked his friend about the conversation they had while walking out the door. Since his friend was not paying attention to him, he could not recall what Manny had said. Manny's friend experienced: a. proactive interference. b. premature recall. c. memory trace. d. encoding failure. e. disuse.

d. encoding failure.

After she'd used elaborative rehearsal many times, Eve's Social Security number: a. moved back into sensory memory. b. still remained in short-term memory. c. was considered part of working memory. d. found its way into her long-term memory. e. became an eidetic memory.

d. found its way into her long-term memory.

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden, he thinks, "Was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior? a. long-term b. working c. short-term d. iconic e. eidetic

d. iconic

Dr. Montez encourages her students to go beyond just memorizing definitions. She teaches them that if they fully understand the meanings of the concepts covered in class, they'll be able to remember them much longer. Dr. Montez's lesson to her students appears to be based on which model of memory? a. parallel distributed processing b. higher-order processing c. information processing d. levels-of-processing e. iconic processing

d. levels-of-processing

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also: a. can regress people into past lives. b. makes the memories more vivid than before. c. causes physical changes in the brain. d. makes it easier to create false memories. e. causes people to act out the memories.

d. makes it easier to create false memories.

A multiple-choice test requires the use of what of type of retrieval process? a. encoding b. recall c. rote memorization d. recognition e. priming

d. recognition

Dr. Chang asked his students, "Who was the 'Father of Psychology' and why?" Kanye responded, "Wilhelm Wundt, who in 1879 was credited as developing the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany." The information that Kanye was able to recall reflects which type of long-term memory? a. comprehensive b. implicit c. episodic d. semantic e. analytic

d. semantic

In the ________ model of memory, concepts that are related in meaning are thought to be stored physically near each other in the brain. a. neurogenic b. parallel processing distributed c. attachment d. semantic network e. state-dependent

d. semantic network

Khaled, the school board's secretary, was asked to save all of the information he recorded from the town meeting so that the school board could refer back to it whenever necessary. Khaled's saved recording relates best to which step of the process of memory? a. encoding b. decoding c. retrieval d. storage e. chunking

d. storage

The information-processing model assumes that the length of time a memory will be remembered depends on: a. a person's age at the time the memory is processed. b. where the event takes place. c. how long ago the event took place. d. the stage of memory in which it is stored. e. the emotional content of the memory.

d. the stage of memory in which it is stored.

Short-term memory tends to be encoded primarily in: a. visual form. b. a "sketchpad." c. auditory form. d. working memory. e. semantic packets.

d. working memory.

Anterograde amnesia can be caused by: a. decay. b. suggestion. c. hypnosis. d. a concussion. e. a traumatic event.

e. a traumatic event.