Chapter #6 questions

Arrange in the proper order: - binding of ligand to receptor site - dissociation of G protein subunit - diffusion of calcium ions into the cell

1. Binding of ligand to receptor site 2. Dissociation of G protein subunit 3. Diffusion of calcium ions into the cell

Arrange in order for the cotransport of glucose: - sodium and glucose move ny symposium into the cell's interior - the carrier protein undergoes a conformation change in shape - sodium and glucose bind to the same carrier protein

1. Sodium and glucose bind to the same carrier protein 2. The carrier protein undergoes a conformational change in shape 3. Sodium and glucose move by symposium into the cell's interior

Cystic Fibrosis occurs due to a genetic defect for which channels in the apical membrane of the epithelial cells? A. Cl- B. Na+ C. H+ D. K+

A. Cl-

Which of the following is an example of a disease which occurs as a result of exceeding the transport maximum for solute carriers? A. Diabetes mellitus B. Cystic fibrosis C. Cirrhosis D. Multiple Sclerosis

A. Diabetes mellitus

What is he source of energy used o power the sodium-potassium pump? A. Hydrolysis of ATP B. Formation of ATP C. Transport of ATP by the pump D. Breakdown of GTP E. Transport of GTP by the pump

A. Hydrolysis of ATP

What does the hydrolysis of ATP do in a Ca2+ pump or Na+/K+ pump? A. Returns the carrier to its initial shape B. Allows the ion to bind to the inside of the carrier C. Activates ATPase D. Temporarily blocks both exits of the carrier

D. Temporarily blocks both exits of the carrier

Red blood cells put in a hypotonic solution will _____________________. A. not be affected in any way. B. form linear edges. C. shrivel and become crenated. D. be destroyed by hemolysis.

D. be destroyed by hemolysis.

Integrins are: A. are proteins that promote blood clotting B. protein fibers of the cytoskeleton C. enzymes that break down extracellular matrix proteins D. glycoproteins that are found extending through the plasma membrane

D. glycoproteins that are found extending through the plasma membrane

Once acetylcholine binds to the receptor, it causes _____________________. A. a ligand to be formed. B. the sodium channels to open. C. the sodium channels close. D. sodium ions to diffuse through and enter the cell. E. sodium ions to diffuse through and leave the cell.

D. sodium ions to diffuse through and enter the cell.

Glycosuria occurs when the ____________ of the renal glucose transport protein is exceeded. A. transport minimum B. transport maximum C. saturation level D. transport maximum and saturation level

D. transport maximum and saturation level

The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a lower concentration is known as ___________________.

Diffusion

The rate of disunion is affected by which of the following? A. Temperature B. Size of molecules C. Steepness of the concentration gradient D. A & B E. A, B, & C

E. A, B, & C

Glucose enters the cell through __________________.

Facilitated diffusion

T/F: A 5% dextrose solution is hypotonic solution

False

T/F: Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell

False

T/F: gas exchange between the cells and extracellular fluid utilizes active transport

False

T/F: the activity of the G protein mainly resides in the Beta subunit

False

T/F: the cell membrane is more permeable to sodium than any other cation

False

T/F: the molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move

False

A ______________ concentration of solutes will attract water molecules.

Higher

Glucose diffusion involves traveling from a region of __________________ concentration.

Higher to lower

Carrier-mediated transport of glucose into skeletal muscles is a form of ___________________.

Passive transport

Plasma membranes are __________________ to water.

Permeable

Involves the movement of lipid soluble moldes from a high concentration o a low concentration

Simple diffusion

Carrier-mediated transport involves _________________, competition, and saturation.

Specificity

The diffusion of lucirse entering a cell utilizes __________________ to power the process.

Thermal energy

T/F: Diffusion is more rapid in cells with microvilli compared to cells lacking microvilli.

True

T/F: Epithelial cells have a polarity dealing with transport.

True

T/F: In the Na+/K+ pump, three sodium ions from inside the cell must enter the carrier first.

True

T/F: Ions like Ca2+ can be second messengers for cell signaling.

True

T/F: Osmoreceptors are involved in the regulation of blood volume.

True

T/F: The Na+/K+ pump is a trans-membrane protein

True

T/F: The binding and release of sodium or potassium ions are due to conformational changes in the protein.

True

T/F: The process in which waste molecules are removed from the blood by having them diffuse through an artificial porous membrane is called dialysis.

True

T/F: a change in membrane permeability or ion concentration will change the resting membrane potential.

True

T/F: diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its environment

True

T/F: facilitated diffusion requires a specific transporter for a specific molecule

True

T/F: hypertonic solutions can be used clinically to reduce edema

True

T/F: if a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net movement of water

True

T/F: phosphorylase activity removes a phosphate from GTP.

True

T/F: the extracellular matrix is made up of collagen, elastin, and a gel-like substance

True

T/F: the sodium channels in the cell membrane have receptor sites for acetylcholine

True

Includes the movement of small organic molecules through a protein located within the plasma membrane

facilitated diffusion

What structures connect the intracellular and extracellular compartments through the plasma membrane? A. Integrins B. Collagen C. Ground substance D. Basal lamina

A. Integrins

Which of the following is NOT true of cyclic AMP? A. It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane. B. It is a second messenger for polar regulatory molecules. C. It is made from ATP. D. It activates enzymes inside a cell to produce the desired effect.

A. It is found on the outside of a plasma membrane.

A slice of potato is placed in a hypertonic salt water solution. In a few hours, what would be the appearance of the potato slice? A. It would be shriveled B. It would be "puffy" C. There would be no change D. The cells would have burst

A. It would be shriveled

Simple diffusion is defined as the movement of ___________________. A. Molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration B. Molecules from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concentration C. Water molecules across a membrane D. Gas molecules across a membrane E. As or water molecules across a membrane

A. Molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

Cells continually generate carbon dioxide and must get rid of it. The mechanism whereby carbon dioxide moves out of the cell is called: A. Simple diffusion B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis D. Cotransport

A. Simple diffusion

The sodium-potassium pump functions to pump _______________. A. Sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell B. Sodium ions into the cell and potassium ions out of the cell C. Sodium and potassium ions into the cell D. Sodium and potassium ions out of the cell E. Sodium and potassium ions in both directions across the cell membrane

A. Sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell

Facilitated diffusion is used to transport ______________. A. Sugars B. CO C. O2 D. CO2 E. Neurotransmitters

A. Sugars

What type of cell signaling uses chemicals called neurotransmitters to innervate its target organ? A. synaptic signaling B. paracrine signaling C. endocrine signaling D. gap junctions

A. Synaptic signaling

What type of junctional complex will prohibit paracellular transport? A. tight junctions B. adherens junctions C. desmosomes D. gap junctions

A. Tight junctions

The majority of water within the body is found in the A. intracellular compartment. B. extracellular compartment. C. blood plasma. D. interstitial fluid.

A. intracellular compartment.

Red blood cells in an isotonic solution are ___________________. A. lozenge shaped. B. shriveled. C. empty membraned. D. cube shaped.

A. lozenge shaped.

A solution consists of a _______________ which dissolves the ________________. A. solvent, solute B. solvent, solid C. solute, solvent D. liquid, solid

A. solvent, solute

Why are cells in body organs generally within 100 μm of a blood capillary? A. to decrease mean diffusion time B. to increase mean diffusion time C. so that larger particles can diffuse more easily D. a larger distance maximizes entropy

A. to decrease mean diffusion time

Which of the following is a compartment of passive transport? A. Requires ATP B. Can occur with or without a carrier molecule C. Allows all molecules and ions to pass through the cell membrane D. Movement up a concentration gradient

B. Can occur with or without a carrier molecule

Facilitated diffusion requires ________________. A. Enzymes B. Carrier proteins C. Lipid carriers D. Carbohydrate carriers E. Lipid or carbohydrate carriers

B. Carrier proteins

Which of the following is NOT a general category of cell signaling molecules? A. endocrine signaling B. enzymatic signaling C. paracrine signaling D. synaptic signaling

B. Enzymatic signaling

Which of he following statements accurately describes the extracellular fluid? A. Roughly 67% of the fluid in the body is considered extracellular fluid B. Extracellular fluid includes blood plasma and interstitial fluid C. The majority of fluid is extracellular fluid D. It consists of the interstitial fluid only

B. Extracellular fluid includes blood plasma and interstitial fluid

The activation/inactivation of G proteins occurs as a result of _______________. A. Synthesis and hydrolysis of GTP B. GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis C. Binding and release of extra G protein subunits D. Binding and release of a2+ ions E. Binding and release of the ligand

B. GDP/GTP exchange and GTP hydrolysis

Diffusion _________________ the entropy of a solution. A. Decreases B. Increases C. Does not change

B. Increases

How do small ions like Na+ of K+ pass through the plasma membrane? A. gated channels B. ion channels C. carrier proteins D. simple diffusion

B. Ion channels

The primary intracellular cation is A. Ca2+. B. K+. C. Mg2+. D. Na+.

B. K+

The Na+/K+ pump creates a ____________ charge inside the cell. A. positive B. negative

B. Negative

The ion that has the greatest influence on a cell's resting membrane potential is: A. Chloride B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Sodium

B. Potassium

Which of the following will pass through a cell membrane most easily? A. Small polar molecules B. Small nonpolar molecules C. Large polar molecules D. Large nonpolar molecules E. Large neutral molecules

B. Small nonpolar molecules

When the acetylcholine binds to the receptor sites... A. A ligand is formed B. The solution channels are open C. The sodium channels remain closed D. Sodium ions diffuse through and enter the cell E. Sodium ions diffuse through and leave the cell

B. The solution channels are open

Transport of materials through an epithelial cell is called A. paracellular transport. B. transcellular transport. C. bulk transport. D. exocytosis.

B. Transcellular transport

Osmosis is best defined as the movement of ________________. A. Water molecules from an area of high solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration B. Water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration C. Solute molecules across a membrane from an area of low water to an area of higher water concentration D. Solute molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water concentration E. Water molecules inside a container

B. Water molecules from an area of low solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration

Human erythrocytes function best in a ___________________. A. hypertonic solution. B. isotonic solution. C. hypotonic solution. D. bacterial solution

B. isotonic solution.

How much of the extracellular fluid comes from blood plasma? A. 33% B. 92% C. 20% D. 50%

C. 20%

The osmolality of a red blood cell is _________________. A. 3000 mOsmoles B. .3m Osmoles. C. 300 mOsmoles. D. 30 mOsmoles.

C. 300 mOsmoles

Which of the following is NOT true of a person who is dehydrated? A. plasma osmolality increases B. hypothalamus stimulates release of ADH C. ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water D. increased osmolality causes thirst

C. ADH causes the kidneys to excrete water

Channels present in the membranes of some cells that allow rapid movement of water are called A. water tubes. B. aqueducts. C. aquaporins. D. streams.

C. Aquaporins

The extracellular matrix includes: A. Cytoplasm B. Blood plasma C. Collagen D. Red blood cells

C. Collagen

Hydrophobic molecules usually enter a cell via ______________ A. osmosis B. active transport C. diffusion D. protein channels

C. Diffusion

If a regulatory molecule is nonpolar, thee receptor protein would most likely be found: A. On the outside of the plasma membrane B. On the inside of the plasma membrane C. In the cytoplasm D. All of the choices are possible

C. In the cytoplasm

Which fluid compartment contains water found within body cells? A. Extracellular compartment B. Intracellular compartment C. Intracellular compartment D. Interstitial compartment

C. Intracellular compartment

Which of the following statements about the protein calmodulin is TRUE? A. It interacts directly with the ligand receptor. B. It interacts directly with the G protein. C. It binds to Ca 2+ ions to mediate a cellular response. D. It binds to the Ca 2+ ion channel causing it to close. E. It induces ATP hydrolysis.

C. It binds to Ca 2+ ions to mediate a cellular response.

A polar regulatory molecule will require a ______________ to cause changes in the cell A. Nuclear receptor B. Cytoplasmic receptor C. Second messenger D. Calcium ion

C. Second messenger

A red blood cell laced in hypertonic solution will _______________. A. Expand B. Burst C. Shrink D. Have no change in shape E. Become a white blood cell

C. Shrink

What is necessary for a target cell to respond to a cell signaling molecule? A. being close together B. a second messenger C. specific receptor proteins D. All apply.

C. Specific receptor proteins

When the acetylcholine receptor sites are not occupied ________________. A. A ligand is formed B. The sodium channels are open C. The sodium channels remain closed D. Sodium ions diffuse through and enter the cell E. Sodium ions diffuse through and leave thee cell

C. The sodium channels remain closed

Where is the G-protein complex when a regulatory molecule is not bound to its receptor? A. The alpha subunit is attached to the inner surface of the receptor. B. The three subunits are together but not attached to the inner surface of the receptor. C. The three subunits are together AND attached to the inner surface of the receptor. D. The beta and gamma subunits are attached to the inner surface of the receptor.

C. The three subunits are together AND attached to the inner surface of the receptor.

Where is the receptor for a nonpolar, lipid-soluble regulatory molecule? A. embedded in the outer surface of the plasma membrane B. embedded in the inner surface of the plasma membrane C. in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell D. All apply.

C. in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell

Red blood cells put in a hypertonic solution will _________________. A. not be affected in any way. B. form linear edges. C. shrivel and become crenated. D. be destroyed by hemolysis.

C. shrivel and become crenated.

Dialysis uses the process of A. facilitated diffusion. B. primary active transport. C. simple diffusion. D. secondary active transport.

C. simple diffusion.

When sugar is mixed with water, equilibrium is reached when __________________. A. Molecules of sugar stop.moving B. Water and sugar molecules are moving at the same period C. The dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution D. There are the same number of water molecules as dissolved sugar molecules E. Two tablespoons of coffee are added

C. the dissolved sugar molecules are evenly distributed throughout the solution.

The _________________________ refers to a difference in concentration between two environments.

Concentrattion gradient

During one cycle, the Na+/K+ pump binds and moves ________________. A. 1 Na+ into and 2 K+ out of the cell B. 2 Na+ into and 2 K+ out of the cell C. 2 Na+ out of and 3 K+ into the cell D. 3 Na+ out of and 2 K+ into the cell E. 3 Na+ into and 3 K+ out of the cell

D. 3 Na+ out of and 2 K+ into the cell

The rate of diffusion is influenced by A. the concentration gradient. B. membrane permeability. C. membrane surface area. D. All apply.

D. All apply

How does active transport differ from passive transport? A. Active requires use of ATP, passive does not B. Active goes against the concentration gradient, passive goes with the gradient C. Active must use a carrier molecules, passive occurs with or without a carrier D. All of the choices are differences between active and passive transport

D. All of the choices are differences beween active and passive transport

What structures are used for direct cell to cell signaling? A. desmosomes B. tight junctions C. exocytosis vesicles D. gap junctions

D. Gap junctions

Ion channels that can be opened by physiological stimuli are said to be A. polar. B. aquaporins. C. hypertonic. D. gated.

D. Gated

Facilitated diffusion occurs ______________. A. Into the cell only B. Out of the cell only C. In either direction depending on the temperature D. In either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule E. In either direction depending on the size of the molecule

D. In either direction depending on the concentration gradient of the molecule

What type of cell signaling occurs through the extracellular matrix to nearby target cells? A. endocrine signaling B. synaptic signaling C. gap junctions D. paracrine signaling

D. Paracrine signaling

The resting membrane potential is closest to the equilibrium potential for A. sodium ions. B. chloride ions. C. calcium ions. D. potassium ions.

D. Potassium ions

Which of the following is a function of the gradient created by the Na+/K+ pump? A. Maintains higher levels of potassium (K+) ions outside the cell B. Does not require energy C. Provides for facilitated diffusion D. Produces electrochemical impulses in muscles and nerves

D. Produces elecrochemical impulses in muscles and nerves

Which of the following correctly characterizes resting membrane potential? A. Equal to the sodium equilibrium potential B. The extracellular concentration of chloride ions C. A value of +30 mV D. Slightly more positive than the potassium equilibrium potential E. All of the choices are correct.

D. Slightly more positive than the potassium equilibrium potential

An increase in solute concentration would cause a(n) ________________ in osmotic pressure.

Increase

When the extracellular concentration of CO2 is ________________ than the intracellular concentration, CO2 will cross the plasma membrane to the extracellular fluid.

Lower

The plasma (cell) membrane allows the diffusion of ______________ molecules.

Nonpolar

Involves the movement of molecules from a low concentration to a high concentration

active transport