Chapter 6 Quiz

Marlee was sexually assaulted at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne. After that, she refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the department store, will not be alone by herself or with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates: A. generalization. B. operant conditioning. C. discrimination. D. an unconditioned response (UR).

A. generalization.

Shaping is a method used by B. F. Skinner in order to: A. guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations. B. explain how classical conditioning works. C. decrease an undesirable behavior. D. condition taste aversions in rats.

A. guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations.

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly and selects the "A" or "B" choices to make sure they get extra candy bars. This BEST illustrates: A. operant conditioning. B. latent learning. C. spontaneous recovery. D. respondent behavior.

A. operant conditioning.

Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate: A. two stimuli. B. a neutral stimulus and a reward. C. a response and its consequence. D. something observed and its consequence.

A. two stimuli.

In observational learning, the MOST effective models are those who: A. use consistent actions and words. B. use inconsistent actions and words. C. are perceived as different from the observer. D. are respected only a little by the general population.

A. use consistent actions and words.

Susie repeatedly hears a tone just before having a puff of air directed into her eye. Blinking in response to a tone presented without a puff of air is a(n): A. unconditioned stimulus (US). B. conditioned response (CR). C. conditioned stimulus (CS). D. unconditioned response (UR).

B. conditioned response (CR).

Researchers are conducting a research study with 24 men on the relationship between movies and sexual violence. They will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. The researchers find that the men: A. became bothered by the violent acts in the readings, but they did not express this verbally. B. expressed less sympathy for the rape victims. C. expressed more sympathy for the rape victims. D. became more empathic toward the rape victims.

B. expressed less sympathy for the rape victims.

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule. A. variable-ratio B. fixed-interval C. fixed-ratio D. variable-interval

B. fixed-interval

John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that: A. laws of learning are not the same for all animals. B. laws of learning are the same for all animals. C. the study of consciousness should be a goal of psychology. D. psychologists should study "mentalistic" concepts.

B. laws of learning are the same for all animals.

This type of behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus. A. cognitive B. respondent C. operant D. associative

B. respondent

Brenda studies frequently for her class in hopes of earning an A in the class. She is trying to keep her grade point average as high as possible. She is motivated by: A. respondent behavior. B. intrinsic motivation. C. extrinsic motivation. D. operant behavior.

C. extrinsic motivation.

George receives a great money-saving credit card offer in the mail, complete with a rewards program. He reads on to find that the one dollar for every mile spent may not be such a great offer after all because he only receives a $500 airline ticket after he acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This is a _____ schedule. A. variable-ratio B. variable-interval C. fixed-ratio D. fixed-interval

C. fixed-ratio

In classical conditioning, this is the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it occurs when our responses to similar stimuli are reinforced. A. discrimination B. extinction C. generalization D. acquisition

C. generalization

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which process does NOT apply to both types of learning? A. extinction B. associative learning C. involuntary responses to stimuli D. discrimination

C. involuntary responses to stimuli

Which factor would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning? A. the socioeconomic status of the observer B. models who are not respected by the observer C. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished D. models perceived as somehow different from the observer

C. models who commit violent acts but go unpunished

Michael is busy with his work project that he brought home. His son wants him to put a movie in the DVD player. Michael tells him to wait for 10 minutes; however, his son whines and complains so much that Michael decides to put the movie in right now. Michael's actions BEST illustrate the value of: A. positive reinforcement. B. erratic behavior. C. negative reinforcement. D. secondary reinforcement.

C. negative reinforcement.

Youri had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made him nauseous. As he underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room began to make him nauseous. The nausea from the chemotherapy is the: A. unconditioned stimulus (US). B. conditioned response (CR). C. unconditioned response (UR). D. neutral stimulus (NS).

C. unconditioned response (UR).

Learning that certain events occur together is called: A. cognitive learning. B. respondent behavior. C. operant behavior. D. associative learning.

D. associative learning.

Learning that certain events occur together is called: A. operant behavior. B. cognitive learning. C. respondent behavior. D. associative learning.

D. associative learning.

This is the weakening of a response in both classical and operant conditioning. A. discrimination B. generalization C. acquisition D. extinction

D. extinction

Marco loves to play the drums. He enjoys it and does it for fun. He is motivated by: A. extrinsic motivation. B. respondent behavior. C. operant behavior. D. intrinsic motivation.

D. intrinsic motivation.

John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that: A. the study of consciousness should be a goal of psychology. B. psychologists should study "mentalistic" concepts. C. laws of learning are not the same for all animals. D. laws of learning are the same for all animals.

D. laws of learning are the same for all animals.

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of: A. genetic predispositions. B. cognitive processes. C. emotional outcomes. D. observable behavior.

D. observable behavior.

When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via: A. neural networks. B. classical conditioning. C. operant conditioning. D. observation.

D. observation.

Findings from John Garcia's research on taste aversion in rats indicate that: A. rats are more likely to develop aversions to sights or sounds than they are to taste. B. organisms do not have biological predispositions when learning associations. C. the unconditioned stimulus (US) must immediately follow the conditioned stimulus (CS). D. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

D. rats are more likely to develop aversions to taste than they are to sights or sounds.

Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate: A. a neutral stimulus and a reward. B. a response and its consequence. C. something observed and its consequence. D. two stimuli.

D. two stimuli.

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. A. conditioned response (CR) B. conditioned stimulus (CS) C. neutral stimulus (NS) D. unconditioned response (UR)

D. unconditioned response (UR)

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n): A. conditioned stimulus (CS). B. negative reinforcer. C. conditioned reinforcer (CR). D. unconditioned stimulus (US).

D. unconditioned stimulus (US).