Chapter 6 Quiz
Research shows that poor, urban African Americans are disproportionately affected by asthma. Which of the following is an additional finding? Asthma's prevalence and mortality rate are both rising among African Americans, but not among European Americans. Correct! Asthma's prevalence and mortality rate are both rising among both African Americans and European Americans. Asthma's prevalence is rising in both African and European Americans, but only mortality rate in African Americans. Asthma's prevalence and mortality rate today are both stable among both African Americans and European Americans.
Asthma's prevalence and mortality rate are both rising among both African Americans and European Americans.
What relationship is the basis of psychoneuroimmunology? Endocrine function affects behavior, and behavior can either raise or lower immune system function. Correct! Behavior affects the immune system, and immune system function affects health. Health and disease affect immune system function, and behavior affects the nervous system as well as the endocrine system. The action of the immune system is independent of behavior, and the endocrine and nervous systems are less dependent than previously assumed.
Behavior affects the immune system, and immune system function affects health.
Investigators have found that stress may have an effect on which of these? The development of diabetes, but not its management The management of diabetes, but not its development Neither the development nor management of diabetes Correct! Both development and management of diabetes alike
Both development and management of diabetes alike
According to scientific evidence, how can stress interfere with managing diabetes? Correct Answer By changing patient blood glucose levels By undermining the adherence of patients By causing behaviors that lead to obesity You Answered By causing (a) and (b) but not causing (c)
By changing patient blood glucose levels
Concerning rheumatoid arthritis and stress, what do recent research results suggest? Stress may contribute to development of rheumatoid arthritis. Stress is found to be a typical result from rheumatoid arthritis. Stress is found to exacerbate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Correct! Stress may contribute in all these ways to rheumatoid arthritis.
Stress may contribute in all these ways to rheumatoid arthritis.
Rheumatoid arthritis is considered an autoimmune disease. How do scientists describe the mechanism of such autoimmune disorders? Correct! The patient's immune system mistakenly attacks some part of the patient's body. The patient's immune system is unable to defend some part of the patient's body. The patient's immune system leaves byproducts from combating another disease. The patient's immune system reacts to inflammation by increasing inflammation.
The patient's immune system mistakenly attacks some part of the patient's body.
South Korean researchers (Oh et al., 2004) have found that people who had asthma were at higher risk for asthma attacks if they experienced more You Answered sources of acute stress. types of chronic stress. Correct Answer acute or chronic stress. Irritants, but not stress.
acute or chronic stress.
Research in the field of psychoneuroimmunology has found evidence that immune function can be decreased by examination stress for medical school students. caring for somebody with Alzheimer's disease. relationship conflict affecting married couples. Correct! all of these.
all of these.
Allergic reactions are a result of digestive system dysfunction. Correct! an abnormal immune system reaction to a foreign substance. caused by viruses. more common in people whose immune systems are not fully functional at birth.
an abnormal immune system reaction to a foreign substance.
You are exposed to a common cold virus through contact with somebody who is sick. The cold virus is a(n) antibody. Correct Answer antigen. plasma cell. You Answered cytotoxin.
antigen
Substances that evoke the production of one or more antibodies are called _____. Correct! antigens vaccinations phagocytes lymph nodes
antigens
People with a negative outlook and a tendency to ruminate over problems are less likely than other people are to complain about their being sick. Correct! are at higher risk of depression than those with more positive attitudes. express greater satisfaction with life in comparison to other people. all of these.
are at higher risk of depression than those with more positive attitudes.
The diathesis-stress model assumes that to become ill, a person must have a relatively permanent predisposition to the illness. You Answered a person must experience some sort of stress. Correct Answer both a and b are necessary to produce illness. neither a nor b is necessary to produce illness.
both a and b are necessary to produce illness.
There is evidence that stress contributes to the development of __________. depressive symptoms anxiety symptoms Correct! both anxiety and depressive symptoms neither anxiety nor depressive symptoms
both anxiety and depressive symptoms
In an inflammatory immune response, _______ migrate to the affected location to destroy invading microorganisms. granulocytes macrophages Correct! both of these neither of these
both of these
The initial exposure to a foreign substance generates: a general immune response. a specific immune response. neither kind of immune response. Correct! both types of immune responses.
both types of immune responses.
Stress is a factor in tension but not vascular headaches. vascular but not tension headaches. Correct! both vascular and tension headaches. neither tension nor vascular headaches.
both vascular and tension headaches.
In an inflammatory immune response, _______ migrate to the affected location to destroy invading microorganisms. granulocytes macrophages Correct! both of these neither of these
both of these
Personality may play a role in who develops a cold. In one study, people who were ______ developed fewer colds than others. Correct Answer conscientious extraverted You Answered agreeable conscientious
conscientious
Personality may play a role in who develops a cold. In one study, people who were ______ developed fewer colds than others. Correct! conscientious extraverted agreeable conscientious
conscientious
Interleukins are types of leukocytes. lymphocytes. Correct! cytokines. macrophages.
cytokines
The type of stress that people most closely associate with headaches is major life events, such as loss of a loved one. Correct! daily hassles. persistent fears and anxiety. depression.
daily hassles.
The main function of the immune system is to manufacture white blood cells. manufacture red blood cells. protect internal organs. Correct! defend against foreign invaders.
defend against foreign invaders.
By studying asthma patients, researchers have determined that acute episodes or asthma attacks can be precipitated by: physiological but not psychological triggers. Correct! physiological but also psychological triggers. psychological but not physiological triggers. variables not yet identified as being triggers.
physiological but also psychological triggers.
The discipline concerned specifically with the interactions among behavior, the endocrine system, the immune system, and the nervous system is transactional analysis. behavioral medicine. health psychology. Correct! psychoneuroimmunology.
psychoneuroimmunology
Robert, a middle-aged African American man, believes another person has just called him a derogatory name. According to research, Robert is most likely to react by insulting the other person. react by moving away from the other person. Correct! react with an increase in his blood pressure. react by realizing he may have misunderstood.
react with an increase in his blood pressure.
When Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues intentionally exposed healthy volunteers to common cold viruses, they found that their previous level of stress was unrelated to subsequent number of colds. Correct! related in a dose-response manner to subsequent number of colds. positively related to subsequent number of colds but not in a dose-response manner. inversely related to subsequent number of colds.
related in a dose-response manner to subsequent number of colds.
In a study of women with the sexually transmitted form of herpes simplex virus, women experiencing psychosocial distress were more likely to transmit the virus to somebody else. Correct! show genital lesions a few days later. contract other types of herpes viruses. all of the above.
show genital lesions a few days later.
In a study of women with the sexually transmitted form of herpes simplex virus, women experiencing psychosocial distress were more likely to transmit the virus to somebody else. Correct! show genital lesions a few days later. contract other types of herpes viruses. all of the above.
show genital lesions a few days later.
Marital conflict is associated with faster response times to dangerous stimuli. You Answered slower response times to dangerous stimuli. faster wound healing. Correct Answer slower wound healing.
slower wound healing.
Vaccinations may be less effective in protecting against infectious diseases among people who experience ________. Correct! stress many daily hassles few daily hassles exposure to cigarette smoke
stress
With regard to stress and disease, executives are more likely than middle-level managers are to develop diseases associated with stress. Correct Answer stress can affect disease development directly through the immune system or indirectly through behaviors. stress is more likely to result in psychological disorders than it is to result in physiological diseases. You Answered both a and c are correct.
stress can affect disease development directly through the immune system or indirectly through behaviors.
The most solid research evidence suggests that Correct! stress can trigger an asthma attack. stress is the strongest risk factor for cardiovascular disease. stress is the chief cause of depression. stress is unrelated to both depression and anxiety.
stress can trigger an asthma attack.
Regarding the effects of stress on pregnancy, research indicates that __________ acute stress is the riskiest for complications to occur during pregnancy. stress early in the pregnancy is riskier than stress later in the pregnancy. Correct! stress later in the pregnancy is riskier than stress early in the pregnancy. both a and c.
stress later in the pregnancy is riskier than stress early in the pregnancy.
Evidence is strongest for the hypothesis that there is little relationship between stress and heart disease. Correct! stressful experiences increase the risk of heart attack. stressful experiences can buffer people against cardiovascular disease. most heart attacks among middle-age men are related to marital stress.
stressful experiences increase the risk of heart attack.
The highest concentration of the virus for HIV is found in the saliva and the blood. the saliva and the semen. Correct! the blood and the semen. saliva, blood, and semen.
the blood and the semen.
Autoimmune disease occurs when the immune system loses its effectiveness. T-cells are reduced by 90%. malignant cells proliferate, producing a demand for numerous immune system responses. Correct! the immune system attacks body cells rather than invaders.
the immune system attacks body cells rather than invaders.
Among indirect contributions of stress to developing coronary artery disease, the action of _______ promotes _______, whereas the action of _______ promotes _______. Correct! the immune system, inflammation; stress hormones, diseased arteries stress hormones, inflammation; the immune system, diseased arteries stress hormones, cytokine release; the immune system, arterial plaque the immune system, cytokine release; stress hormones, inflammation
the immune system, inflammation; stress hormones, diseased arteries
The connection between the immune system and asthma may occur through the stress from its treatment. Correct!the process of inflammation. triggers, like smoke or dust. a person's ethnic background.
the process of inflammation.
Research on the 2006 World Cup soccer championship indicated that Correct! the stress of watching matches raised the risk of cardiac events for people with cardiac problems. the excitement of watching matches provided relief from reactivity. men's but not women's risk of heart attack increased as a result of watching matches. soccer fans were more likely to experience an initial cardiac event, but individuals with a history of heart disease actually experienced a lowered risk of cardiac events during and after matches.
the stress of watching matches raised the risk of cardiac events for people with cardiac problems.
Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues found that development of colds Correct! was more strongly related to the duration of stress than its severity. was not reliably related to the severity of the stress but to the presence of stress. was related only to stress that was both long-term and also severe. showed no relationship between prior stress and subsequently developing colds.
was more strongly related to the duration of stress than its severity.
Sheldon Cohen and his colleagues found that development of colds Correct Answer was more strongly related to the duration of stress than its severity. was not reliably related to the severity of the stress but to the presence of stress. You Answered was related only to stress that was both long-term and also severe. showed no relationship between prior stress and subsequently developing colds.
was more strongly related to the duration of stress than its severity.
Which of the following is an inadequate explanation for why some individuals are more vulnerable to depression than others? Ineffective coping strategies may increase vulnerability to depression. You Answered Rumination may increase vulnerability to depression. Major life stress may provide a "kindling" experience that increases vulnerability to depression. Correct Answer Certain genes have been implicated in vulnerability to depression, regardless of environmental factors.
Certain genes have been implicated in vulnerability to depression, regardless of environmental factors.
_______ may help explain why stress can lead to depression. Correct Answer Increased cytokine production You Answered Decreased cytokine production Increased T-cell production Increased activity of natural killer cells
Increased cytokine production
With regard to stress and illness, which of these statements is true? Stress is a better predictor of heart disease than it is of hypertension. Correct! Most people experiencing significant stress do not develop a disease. Stress is a better predictor of heart disease than cigarette smoking is. Both a and c are correct.
Most people experiencing significant stress do not develop a disease.
According to research findings, what is the relationship of stress to HIV infection? You Answered Stress affects disease progression, but does not affect response to treatment. Stress affects response to treatment, but does not affect disease progression. Correct Answer Stress affects both disease progression and immune response to treatments. Stress has no effect on either disease progression or response to treatments.
Stress affects both disease progression and immune response to treatments.
According to research findings, what is the relationship of stress to HIV infection? Stress affects disease progression, but does not affect response to treatment. Stress affects response to treatment, but does not affect disease progression. Correct! Stress affects both disease progression and immune response to treatments. Stress has no effect on either disease progression or response to treatments.
Stress affects both disease progression and immune response to treatments.
What did a longitudinal study by Stewart, Janicki, and Kamarck (2006) find related to increased blood pressure from noise and other situational stimuli? Their findings confirmed those in the literature that blood pressure normalizes once the stressor stops. Correct! They found that the duration to normalize blood pressure predicts hypertension over a three-year time. Their findings refuted those in the literature that blood pressure normalizes once the stressor is stopped. They found that the duration to normalize blood pressure is longer in people with existing hypertension.
They found that the duration to normalize blood pressure predicts hypertension over a three-year time.
The initial exposure to a foreign substance generates: You Answered a general immune response. a specific immune response. neither kind of immune response. Correct Answer both types of immune responses.
both types of immune responses.
A function of lymph nodes is to secrete thymosin. serve as a holding station for red blood cells. Correct! cleanse lymph of foreign debris. all of these.
cleanse lymph of foreign debris.
One explanation as to why some individuals are more vulnerable to depression is that these individuals have active but small social support networks. Correct Answer have ineffective coping strategies. have too many stressful experiences. You Answered all of the above
have ineffective coping strategies.
The type of immunity that takes place in the bloodstream is called: You Answered cell-mediated immunity. Correct Answer humoral immunity. created immunity. natural immunity.
humoral immunity.
A study (Sepa et al., 2005) found that stress may directly influence insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes development through: Correct Answer immune system disruption during infancy. You Answered higher rates of perceived stress over years. influencing patient levels of blood glucose. inflammation producing insulin resistance.
immune system disruption during infancy.
The secondary immune response is activated during initial exposure to an invasion. is less robust than the primary immune response. Correct! is far more rapid than primary immune response. is activated if the primary immune response fails.
is far more rapid than primary immune response.
By studying asthma patients, researchers have determined that acute episodes or asthma attacks can be precipitated by: physiological but not psychological triggers. Correct! physiological but also psychological triggers. psychological but not physiological triggers. variables not yet identified as being triggers.
physiological but also psychological triggers.
Austin suffers from recurrent intrusive memories of his experiences as a fire fighter at the time of the World Trade Center attacks. He also has unpleasant dreams that replay some of these experiences. Austin is most likely suffering from clinical depression. schizophrenia. Correct! posttraumatic stress disorder. transcendent psychosis.
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Antoni and colleagues (2009) designed a cognitive behavioral stress management intervention for women with breast cancer, and over a 6-month period, improvements in ______ were found. depression measures anxiety measures Correct! immune measures cortisol measures
immune measures
In laboratory experiments, the comparative rates of blood pressure reactivity for Asian Americans vs. European Americans has what relationship to rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for these ethnic groups? A relationship between these two variables is not reliably identified. An inverse relationship exists; i.e., as one rises, the other goes down. Correct Answer A positive correlation exists, i.e. reactivity corresponds to CVD rate. You Answered A relationship only exists for people who already have hypertension.
A positive correlation exists, i.e. reactivity corresponds to CVD rate.
Enhancing immune system function would be useful in the treatment of allergies. organ transplant patients. Correct! AIDS. cardiovascular disease.
AIDS
Immunity occurs when Correct Answer memory lymphocytes persist after initial exposure to a virus. antigens build up. You Answered antibody levels fall. interferon is transferred from one person to another
memory lymphocytes persist after initial exposure to a virus.
In comparison to using scores on life events rating scales, applying the diathesis-stress model is ____ predictive of illness because it takes into account _______. less; vulnerability more than stressors Correct! more; vulnerability as well as stressors less; vulnerability less than stressors more; vulnerability in lieu of stressors
more; vulnerability as well as stressors
Stress may contribute to diabetes through its possible effects on _______. smoking heavy drinking Correct Answer obesity You Answered exercise
obesity
The two general, or nonspecific, mechanisms that foreign substances "face" are: Correct! phagocytosis and inflammation. phagocytosis and mucous membranes. inflammation and mucous membranes. the spleen and inflammation.
phagocytosis and inflammation.
In what way does reactivity relate to ethnic background? Correct! African American men show more reactivity to stress than European American men. European American children show more reactivity than African American children. European American children with a family history of heart disease have the highest reactivity rates. Both b and c are correct.
African American men show more reactivity to stress than European American men.
__________ experience poorer psychological and physical health, longer healing times for wounds, and lowered immune functioning. First-time mothers First-time fathers Correct! Alzheimer's caregivers People who are elderly
Alzheimer's caregivers
Which of the following ethnic groups has been shown to have lowest reactivity in response to a laboratory stressor? Correct! Asian American African American European American Caribbean Americans
Asian American
A recent working hypothesis by some researchers is that proinflammatory cytokines may contribute to, and even possibly cause, asthma to develop. What is a valid reason for this hypothesis? Correct! Asthma itself is a disease fundamentally involving higher rates of inflammation. Asthma affects more poor African Americans with higher rates of inflammation. Asthma is a disease, and all diseases develop from higher rates of inflammation. Asthma patients tested before diagnosis all showed higher rates of inflammation.
Asthma itself is a disease fundamentally involving higher rates of inflammation.
Stress may relate to disease because people under stress may abuse substances. eat unhealthy foods. have sleep problems. Correct! do any or all of these.
do any or all of these.
One route through which stress may affect the immune system is through lowered epinephrine levels. Correct! elevated cortisol levels. reverse peristalsis. any of these.
elevated cortisol levels.
Which of the following individuals would be most likely to have decreased immune system functioning? Anna, who will be taking her first examination in psychology this week Nathan, who has an hour-long commute to school every week You Answered Marissa, who just given birth to her first child Correct Answer Claude, who is unemployed and lives in a high-crime neighborhood
Claude, who is unemployed and lives in a high-crime neighborhood
Flu shots are typically offered and promoted most in the autumn, before flu season, which often coincides with when many students start college. Hypothetically, when should college freshmen prepare for flu season and also have the best immune response to the flu shot? Correct! Just before they arrive on campus After arriving, before classes start Spring, immediately before finals After arriving and starting classes
Just before they arrive on campus
Which of these is NOT an organ of the immune system? Correct! Liver Spleen Tonsils Thymus
Liver
________ children show the greatest asthma symptoms following an acute stress task. Overweight Underweight Correct! Low socioeconomic status High socioeconomic status
Low socioeconomic status
Which have researchers found about marital conflict relative to immune response? Marital conflict disrupts immune response regardless of whether or how couples communicate. Correct! Marital conflict disrupts immune response less for couples who communicate productively. Marital conflict disrupts immune response less for couples who communicate in any way. Marital conflict disrupts immune response more for couples who communicate in any way.
Marital conflict disrupts immune response less for couples who communicate productively.
__________ enable the immune system to have a rapid response when the foreign invader reappears. Antigens Phagocytes Correct! Memory lymphocytes Leukocytes
Memory lymphocytes
Concerning rheumatoid arthritis and stress, what do recent research results suggest? You Answered Stress may contribute to development of rheumatoid arthritis. Stress is found to be a typical result from rheumatoid arthritis. Stress is found to exacerbate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Correct Answer Stress may contribute in all these ways to rheumatoid arthritis.
Stress may contribute in all these ways to rheumatoid arthritis.
Increasing the efficiency of the immune system would be a problem for whom? People with cancer People with AIDS Correct! People with organ transplants People with bacterial diseases
People with organ transplants
Concerning rheumatoid arthritis and stress, what do recent research results suggest? Stress may contribute to development of rheumatoid arthritis. Stress is found to be a typical result from rheumatoid arthritis. You Answered Stress is found to exacerbate symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. Correct Answer Stress may contribute in all these ways to rheumatoid arthritis.
Stress may contribute in all these ways to rheumatoid arthritis.
Based on research findings, which is most accurate regarding the relationship between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and stress? Stress can precipitate heart attacks but does not contribute to developing CVD. Stress can contribute to developing CVD but does not precipitate heart attacks. Correct! Stress can precipitate heart attacks and also can contribute to developing CVD. Stress can correlate with but not contribute to CVD or precipitate heart attacks.
Stress can precipitate heart attacks and also can contribute to developing CVD.
Though stress may not directly cause ulcers, there may be an indirect link between stress and ulcers, as stress may increase all of the following EXCEPT: heavy drinking. smoking. caffeine consumption. Correct! exercise.
exercise
Anneli and Viveka have each had genetic testing. Anneli has been identified as having a high genetic risk for depression; Viveka has been identified as having a low genetic risk for depression. Based on Kendler and colleagues' 2007 findings, what is likely? Stress will be more predictive of depression for Anneli than for Viveka. Correct! Stress will be more predictive of depression for Viveka than for Anneli. Stress will be equally predictive of depression for both of these women. Stress will be no more predictive of depression for either of the women
Stress will be more predictive of depression for Viveka than for Anneli.
Which of the following performs specific immune responses? Phagocytosis Correct! T-cells and B-cells Granulocytes Macrophages
T-cells and B-cells
Ebonie, a psychology student, is pregnant with her first child and is concerned about the possible impacts of chronic stress on the baby. She has read about studies implicating stress in premature births. She looks further, reading about research in animals as well as humans. The findings indicate which additional potential areas for concern? That her baby may have a low birth weight That her baby may be more reactive to stress That her baby may have developmental delays Correct! That her baby may have any or all these results
That her baby may have any or all these results
Which of the following most accurately explains the lack of a common cold vaccine? Every time a vaccine is developed, the common cold virus mutates. The common cold is a virus, and vaccines only work with bacteria. Correct! The common cold is caused by a great number of different viruses. Medical scientists do not find colds serious enough for vaccination.
The common cold is caused by a great number of different viruses.
Evidence now suggests that most colds are caused by an interaction of exposure to the virus and diet. lack of sleep. white blood count. Correct! experiencing stress.
experiencing stress.
Recent research that presented photographs of infectious disease to participants found that, after viewing this pictures, participants You Answered sneezed and felt nauseated. reported more trips to the health center that semester. Correct Answer had increased proinflammatory cytokine production. all of the above.
had increased proinflammatory cytokine production. all of the above.
Releasing factors are: You Answered hormones secreted by endocrine glands. Correct Answer hormones that are produced in the brain. hormones released by the adrenal glands. hormones that are produced as cytokines.
hormones that are produced in the brain.
In order for stress to cause illness, stress must affect physiological processes that produce illness. The most likely candidate for a mechanism is the _____ system. Correct! immune nervous endocrine digestive
immune
Physicians and patients commonly used to attribute stomach ulcers primarily to stress, but researchers have now identified a number of variables involved. Which of these is considered a more indirect factor than the others? Correct Answer The influence of undergoing chronic stress You Answered The influence of releasing stress hormones The influence of immune function changes The influence of an infection with H. pylori
The influence of undergoing chronic stress
The connection between the immune system and asthma may occur through the stress from its treatment. Correct Answer the process of inflammation. You Answered triggers, like smoke or dust. a person's ethnic background.
the process of inflammation.
According to the APA (DSM-5, 2013), bipolar disorder involves both depressive and manic (and/or hypomanic) symptoms; as such, it is neither precisely a depressive disorder nor an anxiety disorder (the DSM classifies it under "Bipolar and Related Disorders"). However, extrapolating from the research literature on depression and anxiety, what would be the most reasonable inference to draw about a relationship between bipolar disorders and stress? There is likely no relationship since bipolar disorder is different from depressive or anxiety disorders. Correct! There is likely some relationship since at least one bipolar component, depression, is related to stress. There is likely no relationship since no research has connected manic/hypomanic states with stress. There is likely some relationship since manic and hypomanic states are equivalent with anxiety states.
There is likely some relationship since at least one bipolar component, depression, is related to stress.
Research studies find that stress may contribute to the development of: Type 1 diabetes, not Type 2 diabetes. Correct! Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes, not Type 1 diabetes. Insulin resistance, but not of diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes and Type 2 diabetes.
HIV is caused by Correct! a viral infection. a bacterial infection. exposure to a cancer-causing agent. homosexuality.
a viral infection.
The notion that some people respond more strongly to stress than do others is called Type A personality. Type B personality. Correct! reactivity. responsivity.
reactivity
Leukocytes are Correct! white blood cells. red blood cells. platelets. capillaries.
white blood cells.
Evidence regarding the effects of stress on depression indicates that stress appears to be a necessary condition for developing depression. stress is a sufficient condition for the development of depression. You Answered stress is involved in more than one half of all depressive episodes. Correct Answer vulnerability and coping ability mediate how stress affects depression.
vulnerability and coping ability mediate how stress affects depression.
Evidence regarding the effects of stress on depression indicates that stress appears to be a necessary condition for developing depression. stress is a sufficient condition for the development of depression. stress is involved in more than one half of all depressive episodes. Correct! vulnerability and coping ability mediate how stress affects depression.
vulnerability and coping ability mediate how stress affects depression.
