Chapter 6 review questions

The 1920s marked the birth in the United States of what came to be known as the __________ high school, an educational institution that promised to meet the needs of a diverse and growing population of young people.

comprehensive

Among adolescents, ______% of all cases of ADHD are predominantly hyperactive/impulsive. Multiple choice question. fewer than 5 more than 50 approximately 70 around 20

fewer than 5

According to national surveys, levels of student engagement and excitement in American schools are (low/high)

low

Tracking has negative effects on ______ students. Multiple choice question. high-track low-track female average

low-track

(Magnet/Middle/Private) schools were established to create diversity by drawing students from different neighborhoods.

magnet

The integration of all students with special needs into regular classrooms is called

mainstreaming

Today, the __________ school replaces the junior high school in many districts.

middle

Schools are among the (safest/riskiest) places for adolescents to be.

safest

Subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of competence are referred to as ________ __________ ___________

schools within schools

High school and junior high are part of the ___________ education system.

secondary

Each year, nearly ______ American teachers are threatened with violence, and in about half of these incidents, the teachers have been physically attacked. Multiple choice question. 10,000 500,000 50,000 300,000

300,000

In a national survey of American secondary public school students, 1 out of every ______ students has been a victim of violence in or around school. Multiple choice question. 4 6 8 10

4

Students' attachment to school is weaker in larger schools, particularly when the number of students in a grade exceeds ______. Multiple choice question. 400 50 250 75

400

About 1 in ______ school-age children is at risk for a learning disability Multiple choice question. 10 20 15 5

5

The ideal size of a high school is between ______ and ______ students. Multiple choice question. 60; 90 600; 900 1,500; 3,000 150; 300

600; 900

In children and adolescents with ADHD, stimulant medication is helpful in about ______% of cases. Multiple choice question. 70 30 50 10

70

About ______% of the connection between teacher expectations and student achievement results from teachers having accurate perceptions. Multiple choice question. 20 40 80 60

80

Today, more than ______% of high school students graduate on time. Multiple choice question. 80 70 60 50

80

______ is a general term for a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction. Multiple choice question. A learning disability Selective mutism ADHD Autism

A learning disability

Which of the following disorders is a biologically based psychological disorder characterized by impulsivity, inattentiveness, and restlessness? Multiple choice question. Autism spectrum disorder Dysgraphia Conduct disorder ADHD

ADHD

Where are American children most likely to be killed? Multiple choice question. During school-based extracurricular activities On school grounds At home In the classroom

At home

Select all that apply Among ______ and ______ students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with greater disengagement from school, lower grades, and more frequent absences. Multiple select question. White Asian Black Latinx

Black Latinx

Students profit from the social capital associated with attending a ______ school, because the lessons taught in school are reinforced at home, at church, and in the neighborhood, and because the links between home and school are stronger. Multiple choice question. Catholic magnet public charter

Catholic

Which of the following statements is true? Multiple choice question. Nearly 90% of all college students graduate within 4 years. College graduates earn substantially more than individuals who attend college but do not graduate. Today's college graduates earn roughly the same amount as adults who do not attend college. More than 70% of college students change majors at least twice.

College graduates earn substantially more than individuals who attend college but do not graduate.

Identify three common types of specific learning disabilities. Multiple select question. Autism spectrum disorder ADHD Dysgraphia Dyslexia Dyscalculia Dysphagia

Dysgraphia Dyslexia Dyscalculia

Which of the following best describes cascading effects? Multiple choice question. Either positive or negative Mostly negative Mostly insignificant Mostly positive

Either positive or negative

True or false: In most American high schools, the prevailing peer culture emphasizes academic success as a route toward status and popularity. True false question.TrueFalse

False

True or false: In the United States, the goal of schools is limited to education.

False

Which school characteristics contribute to the likelihood of bullying occurring? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Frequent disrespect for students Unsupportive teachers Highly orderly school climate Harsh punishments for students

Frequent disrespect for students Unsupportive teachers Harsh punishments for students

Which student is especially likely to say that he or she is bored at school? Multiple choice question. Breanna, who is in elementary school Jason, who is in junior high school Zara, who is in middle school Gary, who is a sophomore in high school

Gary, who is a sophomore in high school

Which U.S. president signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act? Multiple choice question. George W. Bush Ronald Regan Barack Obama Bill Clinton

George W. Bush

Which of the following factors helps students adapt more successfully to school transition? Multiple choice question. Taking a full load of advanced placement classes Not knowing the teachers or other students Transitioning to a larger, more diverse school Having friends before and during the transition

Having friends before and during the transition

What was the outcome of Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka? Multiple choice question. It became unconstitutional to maintain separate schools for children on the basis of race. Schools could not longer educate children with disabilities in separate classrooms. It became legal for schools to implement tracking systems. It guaranteed that all students had the right to a free and appropriate education.

It became unconstitutional to maintain separate schools for children on the basis of race.

Which of the following is a disadvantage associated with providing instruction to children with learning disabilities in separate classes? Multiple choice question. It may foster social isolation and stigmatization. It may give those students an advantage over students in larger classes. The quality of instruction is often poor. They receive inadequate time to participate in other activities, such as art and music.

It may foster social isolation and stigmatization.

According to research, which of the following teenagers is most likely to become disengaged from school during early adolescence? Multiple choice question. J.R., who is Black Grady, who is from an affluent family Jenna, who is White Mia, who is Asian

J.R., who is Black

Which of the following students would be at greatest risk for social promotion? Multiple choice question. William, who is from a middle-class family Tucker, who is White Jerome, who is African American Lissa, who is Asian American

Jerome, who is African American

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of zero-tolerance policies? Multiple choice question. Many students who are suspended or expelled are at increased risk of being targeted for violence in their neighborhoods. Schools end up paying for students' incarceration and mental health services following expulsion. Students who are arrested for mild infractions often retaliate with lethal violence against other students or teachers. Many students end up with arrest records for acts that would have been treated as disciplinary infractions in the past.

Many students end up with arrest records for acts that would have been treated as disciplinary infractions in the past.

Select all that apply Which of the following are considered to be part of secondary education? Multiple select question. Middle school Elementary school High school Junior high school

Middle school High school Junior high school

Which of the following students is especially vulnerable to the effects of teacher expectations? Multiple choice question. Jordan, whose three older brothers went to her school Kenzy, who is from an affluent family Montel, who comes from a low-SES family Flynn, who is a foreign exchange student

Montel, who comes from a low-SES family

Which of the following best describes the high school completion rate in the United States in the early twentieth century compared to today? Multiple choice question. Slightly lower About the same Slightly higher Much lower

Much lower

The ______ Act mandated that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency. Multiple choice question. Common Core Civil Rights Americans with Disabilities No Child Left Behind

No Child Left Behind

Select all that apply What are the five key aspects of school organization? Multiple select question. The ethnic composition of schools School and classroom size Public versus private schools Formation of academic and social clubs Tracking Different approaches to age grouping

The ethnic composition of schools School and classroom size Public versus private schools Tracking Different approaches to age grouping

About half of all community college students have which of the following characteristics? Multiple choice question. They have sporadic attendance. They drop out in the first semester. They do not have concrete, long-term academic goals. They are working toward a specific certificate or associate's degree.

They are working toward a specific certificate or associate's degree.

How do students' perceptions of teachers change between 6th and 8th grades? Multiple choice question. They see teachers as friends instead of authority figures. They see teachers as mentors instead of babysitters. They see teachers as less supportive. They see teachers as more competent.

They see teachers as less supportive.

Which of the following medications has been shown to be effective with adolescents who have both ADHD and some sort of mood disorder? Multiple choice question. Celebrex Wellbutrin Lipitor Prozac

Wellbutrin

In schools in which students' peers do not value ______, students are less likely to achieve grades that match their ability. Multiple choice question. individual autonomy athletic competence clique membership academic success

academic success

As a result of Brown v. Board of Education, many school districts Blank______. Multiple choice question. eliminated mainstreaming for students with disabilities established separate schools for children from ethnic minority groups adopted measures designed to make schools more diverse emphasized hiring and training of teachers from ethnic minority backgrounds

adopted measures designed to make schools more diverse

The big fish-little pond effect has been documented ______. Multiple choice question. primarily in developing countries around the world mostly in Western nations in Canada but not the United States

around the world

Students who had been doing poorly adjust (better/worse) if they enroll in a different school than their friends.

better

True or false: With the transition to secondary school, students' scores on standardized achievement tests decline.

false

When students compare themselves to their high-achieving classmates, they don't feel as competent as they would if their point of comparison were students who were not so smart. This phenomenon is called the ______ effect. Multiple choice question. learned helplessness academic tracking personal fable big fish-little pond effect

big fish-little pond effect

Learning disabilities are more common among (boys/girls) .

boys

For some students, academic and behavioral problems in elementary school lead to more problems during the transition into middle school. This is referred to as effects.

cascade

As students move from elementary into middle or junior high school, their academic motivation and school grades tend to drop. Nevertheless, scores on standardized achievement tests don't decline. This may be due to ______. Multiple choice question. changes in students' knowledge changes in grading practices and student motivation inaccuracies in grading expectations and criteria moving to larger class size

changes in grading practices and student motivation

ADHD is usually diagnosed during ______. Multiple choice question. late adolescence childhood early adolescence middle adolescence

childhood

If it were not for the effects of school on ______ development, the discrepancy between affluent and poor youngsters' achievement would be much greater than it currently is. Multiple choice question. sensory social analytical cognitive

cognitive

Nicholas feels a lack of connection to his school. His mother just found out that he has skipped three days in one week. When she confronts Nicholas, he tells her, "I'm just not into it. It's boring. I don't like my teachers. The work is stupid." Nicholas's comments are an example of (emotional/cognitive) disengagement.

cognitive

In the 1920s, classes in general education, college preparation, and vocational education were all housed under one roof. This was known as ______. Multiple choice question. comprehensive high school Common Core middle school government-funded charter schools

comprehensive high school

No Child Left Behind required that schools ______. Multiple choice question. create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and reporting the results of students' performance to the public identify all students who were at risk for failing and provide individualized instruction to poorly performing students create a common, state-led curriculum so that all student received the same quality of instruction screen every child in reading and math, followed by progress monitoring to ensure that students were showing academic gains

create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and reporting the results of students' performance to the public

Students in different tracks have (similar/different) opportunities to learn.

different

Changes in school climate create a mismatch between what adolescents need and what their schools provide. This leads many adolescents to ______ school. Multiple choice question. work harder in find new activities in disengage from take leadership roles in

disengage from

One way of assessing the contribution of schools to adolescents' intellectual development is by comparing changes in knowledge _______. Multiple choice question. between 11th grade and 12th grade during the fall with changes during the winter between 9th grade and 12th grade during the school year with changes during the summer

during the school year with changes during the summer

Maddy has a learning disability in which she has an impaired ability in handwriting. Maddy has ______. Multiple choice question. dysphagia dyslexia dysgraphia dyscalculia

dysgraphia

Corbin has a learning disability in which he has an impaired ability in reading and spelling. Corbin has ______. Multiple choice question. dysphagia dyscalculia dyslexia dysgraphia

dyslexia

Quinton has started feeling disconnected from school. As a result, Quinton has been skipping school. Feeling disconnected to school is an example of ______ disengagement, whereas skipping school is an example of ______ disengagement. Multiple choice question. academic; cognitive emotional; physical emotional; behavioral behavioral; cognitive

emotional; behavioral

Students who are just (emotionally/behaviorally/cognitively) disengaged report the highest rates of depression.

emotionally

Students who are disengaged from school are more likely to _____. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. cheat on tests join a mixed-sex clique focus on athletics engage in substance use misbehave

engage in substance use misbehave

Teachers are likely to base their expectations about students, in part, on their ______. Multiple choice question. age and gender popularity and social acceptance ethnic and socioeconomic background involvement in extracurricular activities

ethnic and socioeconomic background

Shelly has always excelled at math and science. As a freshman, Shelly is taking senior-level advanced placement classes in both math and science. She has won state awards for her scientific discoveries and is already receiving offers from major universities throughout the country. Shelly's abilities in math and science classify her as ______. Multiple choice question. analytical a prodigy gifted above average

gifted

Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance are called _______ students.

gifted

About ______ or more of all children diagnosed with ADHD continue to have the diagnosis in adulthood. Multiple choice question. one-third half one-fourth one-tenth

half

Tracking may be especially useful in (elementary/middle/high) school.

high

Among (lower/higher) SES students, academic progress during the school year is comparable to that during the summer.

higher

For high-ability students, within-classroom ability grouping results in ______. Multiple choice question. higher expectations for academic achievement lowered expectations for academic achievement intense, and sometimes hostile, competition lower self-esteem`

higher expectations for academic achievement

In adolescence, the defining feature of ADHD is generally ______. Multiple choice question. hyperactivity impulsivity defiance inattention

inattention

Suspending or expelling students from school (increases/decreases) their likelihood of getting into further trouble.

increases

The education crisis, and its implications for the labor force, is especially urgent within ______ schools. Multiple choice question. private middle rural junior high inner-city public suburban charter

inner-city public

The ______ school is an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents. Multiple choice question. middle high charter junior high

junior high

Junior high schools are (larger/smaller) than elementary schools and are (more/less) personal.

larger; less

Researchers agree that in good-quality schools, ______. Multiple choice question. letter grades are replaced by subjective measures of achievement and productivity all students are required to engage in extracurricular activities teachers attempt to identify and appeal to different cliques and crowds learning is more important to students than athletics or extracurricular activities

learning is more important to students than athletics or extracurricular activities

Adolescents with learning disabilities are (more/less) likely to participate in school-based extracurricular activities.

less

Compared to elementary or high school teachers, teachers in junior high or middle schools are (more/less) likely to feel confident about their teaching ability.

less

Researchers believe that the most effective policy for preventing school violence is to ______. Multiple choice question. limit adolescents' access to guns equip all public schools with metal detectors strictly enforce zero-tolerance policies provide free public gun safety training

limit adolescents' access to guns

Teacher expectations have a cumulative (short/long) -term impact on student achievement.

long

(Low/High) -achieving students, when mainstreamed, end up comparing themselves to students whose performance is better.

low

Today, ______ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation. Multiple choice question. more than two-thirds about half over three-fourths fewer than one-third

more than two-thirds

Students at community colleges tend to be (older/younger) than students at four-year institutions.

older

A strong predictor of high achievement and reduced dropout rates is ______. Multiple choice question. sports participation parent involvement attending a rural school clique involvement

parent involvement

Standards-based reform refers to ______. Multiple choice question. policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests a proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all American schools are expected to use public schools that have the option to set their own curricula government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests

Studies show that students on lower education tracks who need the most help often have the ______ instruction. Multiple choice question. most effective most appropriate best poorest

poorest

One key aspect of school organization is the ______ of classrooms and schools. Multiple choice question. healthiness decoration size leadership

size

(Large/Small) schools report higher student achievement.

small

The interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family are called ______. Multiple choice question. socioeconomic status wealth inheritance social capital funding vouchers

social capital

Moving students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance, is known as ________ _________

social promotion

The past four decades have been dominated by what is called ________-_________ reform, which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.

standards based

The most common treatment for ADHD is ______. Multiple choice question. hormone therapy stimulant medication opiate medication behavioral therapy

stimulant medication

_________ __________ is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work.

student engagment

Tracking can polarize the student body into different ________ that are often hostile toward each other.

subcultures

A possible disadvantage of schools within schools is that schools may inadvertently create ______. Multiple choice question. more cliques and crowds subschools that vary in educational quality age- and sex-segregated cliques socioeconomic and racial segregation

subschools that vary in educational quality

The achievement gap between White and non-White students is (substantial/minimal)

substantial

Over time, most youngsters adapt (successfully/unsuccessfully) to changing schools.

successfully

School transitions, whenever they occur, ______. Multiple choice question. increase adolescent autonomy and sense of well-being have a lasting impact on adolescent achievement and mental health temporarily disrupt the academic performance, behavior, and self-image of adolescents cause significant declines in adolescent self-esteem and feelings of belonging

temporarily disrupt the academic performance, behavior, and self-image of adolescents

An advantage of schools within schools is that they lead to ______. Multiple choice question. the development of a more positive social environment higher academic achievement, higher rates of student popularity, and more ethnic cohesion lower rates of cyberbullying, harassment, and student intimidation the development of specific cliques and crowds

the development of a more positive social environment

To understand the effect of classroom climate on student achievement, we need to better understand ______. Multiple choice question. the cliques and crowds to which students identify with and belong the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material the extent to which students are completing assigned work and in-class assignments how students view their teachers in the educational process

the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material

A good way to understand how adults want adolescents to change is to look at ______. Multiple choice question. school achievement among American high school students and their Asian counterparts the ways that schools have been reformed over the years how adults perceived their own secondary education standardized math and reading scores across the nation

the ways that schools have been reformed over the years

Children with a learning disability are defined as those who perform significantly poorer in school than ______. Multiple choice question. gifted students their peers their expected performance the average student

their expected performance

Raul, Clayton, and Willie all attend Lincoln High School. Raul takes classes that are challenging and rigorous. Clayton takes remedial classes, as he has had academic difficulties in the past. Willie, an average student, takes the same classes as most of his peers. This example of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called ______. Multiple choice question. tracking academic discrimination scaffolding age segregation

tracking

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called .

tracking

True or false: Black students are more likely than others to be suspended or expelled, even though they are no more likely to commit the sorts of acts that would warrant these responses.

true

True or false: Schools can contribute to student bullying.

true

Young people who drop out of high school before graduation are at risk for ______. (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. workplace violence unemployment delinquency substance abuse unintended pregnancy early mortality

unemployment delinquency substance abuse unintended pregnancy

School size especially affects the participation of students ______. Multiple choice question. who are shy and socially awkward whose grades are not very good whose grades are above average who are popular and well-liked

whose grades are not very good

The increase in college enrollment has been especially dramatic among (men/women)

women