Chapter 6: Sample Questions

Which of the following is most closely associated with a shallow level of processing? Frequency Maintenance rehearsal Distinctiveness Elaborative rehearsal

Maintenance rehearsal

For most people, the earliest memory is from the ages of 1 to 2 years old. 2 to 4 years old. 6 to 12 months old. 4 to 6 years old.

2 to 4 years old.

Which of the terms represents the smallest unit of knowledge about which you can make true/false judgments? Memory Proposition Theory Fact

Proposition

Alison needed to remember three words in order: street, flower, and blue. To remember, she told herself, "As I walked down the street, I noticed a pretty flower growing under the bright blue sky." Which mnemonic device did Alison use? Peg word mnemonic Story mnemonic Method of loci Repetition priming

Story mnemonic

Using the word "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes is an example of a mnemonic device. memory consolidation. metamemory. distributed practice.

a mnemonic device.

What is one reason researchers believe so many people have superior memory than would otherwise be expected for life events around the age of 20? Most people report that their 20s were the happiest time in their lives. The brain finally reaches full development during one's 20s. This time of life is a period in a person's life when many things are happening for the first time. One does not achieve a fully integrated "self" until reaching their 20s.

This time of life is a period in a person's life when many things are happening for the first time.

Which of the following is an example of event-based prospective memory? Asher needs to remember to turn off the coffeepot before he leaves for work. Juanita has to remember her sister's new phone number just long enough to jot it down. When his car reaches 30,000 miles, Nelson needs to remember to take it in for an oil change. Tanya must remember to take a cake out of the oven at exactly 2:15 p.m.

When his car reaches 30,000 miles, Nelson needs to remember to take it in for an oil change.

The circumstance in which an event occurs is called background. specificity. incidence. context.

context.

Andre repeats his Social Security number over and over in his head on the way to a job interview because he knows he will need it when he fills out the job application. Once he completes the application, he no longer remembers the number. This is an example of distributive practice. the primacy effect. maintenance rehearsal. elaborative rehearsal.

maintenance rehearsal.

One way distributed practice differs from massed practice is that people generally need to work harder with distributed practice. distributed practice occurs in a single, long session. memory is much better with distributed practice. retrieval cues are not used in distributed practice.

memory is much better with distributed practice.

Benjamin needs to remember a phone number just long enough to reach his phone to make the call. To do so, he will probably use the strategy of elaboration. chunking. rehearsal. mnemonics.

rehearsal.

At breakfast, Terri makes a mental note to call her daughter at 9 that evening. To remember this, Terri will rely on her time-based prospective memory. autobiographical memory. event-based prospective memory. working memory.

time-based prospective memory.

In an infamous case, former Beatle George Harrison was sued for lifting the melody of the 1963 song "He's So Fine" by the Chiffons for use in his 1971 song "My Sweet Lord." Harrison claimed he did not deliberately use the melody of the earlier song. If this is so, then which of the following is the most likely explanation for this situation? Plagiarism The performance effect State-dependent learning Cryptomnesia

Cryptomnesia

A difference between the episodic memory theories of Ebbinghaus and von Restorff is that Ebbinghaus focused on how frequently information is presented, while von Restorff focused on the distinctiveness of information. Ebbinghaus found that memory is better with massed practice, while von Restorff found that memory is better with distributed practice. Ebbinghaus showed that the isolation effect results in improved memory performance, while von Restorff claimed the opposite. Ebbinghaus argued that memories are stored in the hippocampus during synaptic consolidation, while von Restorff argued that they are stored across the cortex.

Ebbinghaus focused on how frequently information is presented, while von Restorff focused on the distinctiveness of information.

How is the tip-of-the-tongue effect different from feeling of knowing? Someone in a tip-of-the-tongue state is unlikely ever to recall the information that is sought. In a tip-of-the-tongue state, the person feels very close to remembering. A tip-of-the-tongue state can be avoided through distributed practice. A tip-of-the-tongue state occurs only with information that has been recently learned.

In a tip-of-the-tongue state, the person feels very close to remembering.

Which of the following effects refers to the finding that memory is better for information that you relate to yourself in some way? Labor-in-vain effect Production effect Self-reference effect Generation effect

Self-reference effect

In an experiment, Midori learns a list of words. Two days pass, then she is shown a number of words and asked whether each was on the list she had originally learned. Which type of task is Midori undertaking? Recognition task Recall task Relearning task Paired-associate learning task

Recognition task

Which of the following people will have the easiest time remembering what needs doing? Otis needs to remember to pick up a box of nails the next time he drives past the hardware store. Alexander must remember to take the garlic bread out of the oven in 10 minutes, or it will burn. Suda must remember to pay her cellphone bill one week from today. Miriam must remember to check on her neighbor's cat promptly at 6 each night.

Otis needs to remember to pick up a box of nails the next time he drives past the hardware store.

Knowledge about one's own memory and how it works, or fails to work, is called metamemory. judgments of learning. feeling of knowing. consolidation.

metamemory.

Which of the following is the best description of the testing effect? Engaging in massed practice generally results in higher test grades than distributed practice. The anxiety of taking a test usually results in a temporary impairment of episodic memory. The longer an item is held in short-term memory, the more likely it will be retrieved during a test. After some initial studying, memory may be better if you take a test as opposed to simply studying more.

After some initial studying, memory may be better if you take a test as opposed to simply studying more.

What is the name for memories of events and incidents from one's own life? Semantic memory Autobiographical memory Working memory Procedural memory

Autobiographical Memory

The textbook rejects which of the following as an explanation of infantile amnesia? Development of a sense of self Maturation of the hippocampus Blocking of unacceptable impulses Ability to use expressive language

Blocking of unacceptable impulses

In an experiment, a researcher gave participants a list of 15 words to remember. People who recognized that the words fit into three specific categories remembered all of the words. These subjects used which of the following strategies? Clustering Imagery Mnemonics Rehearsal

Clustering

Which of these are ideas in a text that are likely to be true, but not actually mentioned in the text? Verbatim probes Propositions Paraphrases Inferences

Inferences

Which of the following invokes the generation effect? Pulling an all-nighter to study for a biology exam Inventing a mnemonic to remember the names of the planets Repeating a new friend's phone number to yourself until you can enter it into your phone Saying the names of the Great Lakes out loud as you try to memorize them

Inventing a mnemonic to remember the names of the planets

Jerome mentally places the key points of his speech in locations along a familiar route through his neighborhood. To remember each point, he represents it by a concrete item and visualizes that item interacting with a particular location. When he delivers his speech, he mentally walks along the same route, and in each location, retrieves the item that represents the next key point he wants to talk about. Which mnemonic device is Jerome using? Method of loci Peg word mnemonic Overlearning Story mnemonic

Method of loci

Which of the following correctly states the conclusions of Sachs regarding remembering propositions? Verbatim information is more readily retained for prose, as compared to poetry. People tend to remember meaning rather than verbatim information. Surface form is retained in long-term memory, while meaning is retained in short-term memory. People retain meaning only if there is something new or novel about the information.

People tend to remember meaning rather than verbatim information.

What is a key difference between prospective memory and episodic future thinking? Prospective memory involves doing something based on the passage of time; episodic future thinking involves doing something when a certain event occurs. Prospective memory requires conscious thought; episodic future thinking occurs unconsciously. Prospective memory is remembering to do something in the future; episodic future thinking is imagining future events. Prospective memory is short-term; episodic future thinking is long-term.

Prospective memory is remembering to do something in the future; episodic future thinking is imagining future events.

Jerilyn is asked to recall a list of 20 words. She is able to remember many of the words that appeared early in the list and many of the words that appeared later. Which is the most likely reason she is able to remember so many of the later words? Frequency of rehearsal Distributed practice Recall from short-term memory The isolation effect

Recall from short-term memory

Which person will most likely remember what he or she is trying to commit to memory? Rob is studying snakebite prevention tips in preparation for a weeklong hike in the desert. Nigel is trying to remember the name of an interesting woman he just met at a party. Soledad is memorizing her cherry pie recipe, so she can pass it on to her uncle. Bethany is cramming for her final exam in modern art class.

Rob is studying snakebite prevention tips in preparation for a weeklong hike in the desert.

Consider the following sentence: "When the pinion gear is engaged fully with the ring gear, the pinion is then driven by the starter through the compressed drive spring and cranks the engine." Which of the following best illustrates the textbase of this sentence? Causal chains of events unfold as the pinion gear cranks the engine, a visual spatial image of the gears, and the goals of the person starting the engine. Someone engages the pinion gear with the ring gear, then the starter drives the pinion through the compressed drive spring, and then the pinion cranks the engine. The common ground of knowledge exists between the author and the reader, as well as the reader's ability to explain the text to a third party. When the pinion gear is engaged fully with the ring gear, the pinion is then driven by the starter through the compressed drive spring and cranks the engine.

Someone engages the pinion gear with the ring gear, then the starter drives the pinion through the compressed drive spring, and then the pinion cranks the engine.

What is the best definition of a situation model? Propositions that capture the semantic meaning of a text A record of the exact wording and syntax of a text The information interchange between speech participants The referential mental world of what a text is about

The referential mental world of what a text is about

Every morning for the past two years, Clyde has fed his cat as soon as he awakens. This afternoon, then, he was very surprised to get a text from his sister informing him the cat had not been fed that morning. He certainly remembers feeding the cat! Evidently, Clyde has experienced cryptomnesia. unlearning. short-term memory loss. a source monitoring failure.

a source monitoring failure.

In the sentence, "The girl washed her dog in the backyard," the girl is the recipient of the event. patient of the event. agent for this event. relation in the event.

agent for this event.

Helena was very nervous as she studied for her first algebra test, but very calm and confident when she took the test. Unfortunately, she did not do well on the test. She was even more stressed as she studied for the second algebra test, and just as stressed during the test itself. This time, she got every question right. Helena's experience appears to corroborate the importance of elaborative rehearsal. dual-coding hypothesis. effect of state-dependent learning. self-reference effect.

effect of state-dependent learning.

Diego spent the morning in the library studying French vocabulary. When he entered the classroom to take the test, he found he could not remember several words, but when he returned to the library, he immediately recalled the words he had forgotten. This is an example of mood congruence. state-dependent learning. encoding specificity. source monitoring.

encoding specificity.

When Kelly imagines asking Taylor on a date, she imagines Taylor reacting positively and pictures the two of them having a good time together. Kelly is engaging in event-based prospective memory. the method of loci. visual imagery. episodic future thinking.

episodic future thinking.

The finding that information you create yourself is better remembered compared to information you have only heard or read is the self-reference effect. production effect. von Restorff effect. generation effect.

generation effect.

Using himself as the only participant, Wagenaar determined that he could recall pleasant events from his life more easily than unpleasant ones at shorter retention intervals. his earliest memory was an event that occurred when he was 7 years old. some events had disappeared completely from his memory. artificial laboratory stimuli were easier to recall than naturally occurring events.

he could recall pleasant events from his life more easily than unpleasant ones at shorter retention intervals.

When an old song comes on the radio, Thomas suddenly remembers that he had a loud argument with his mother one afternoon in high school while that song was playing. Thomas has just experienced a(n) procedural memory. involuntary memory. declarative memory. semantic memory.

involuntary memory.

Some of the strongest cues to spontaneously bring about autobiographical recollections are tastes. specific words. odors. tactile sensations.

odors.

The encoding specificity principle suggests that retrieval is easier when the encoding and retrieval contexts are similar. encoding and retrieval are unrelated. the ease of encoding is related to the ease of retrieval. generic material is more easily retrieved than specific material.

retrieval is easier when the encoding and retrieval contexts are similar.

Tammy is trying to remember which of her friends gave her a bracelet for her birthday last year. This is an example of dual coding. state-dependent learning. the enactment effect. source monitoring.

source monitoring.

A verbatim mental representation of the exact words used in a text is the propositional textbase. surface form. situation model. discourse genre.

surface form.

Memories may be stored for up to two weeks in the systems consolidation phase. synaptic consolidation phase. metamemory phase. metacognitions phase.

synaptic consolidation phase.

The reminiscence bump is the superior recall adults tend to have for events that occurred in their teens and 20s. grade school years. 30s and 40s. preschool years.

teens and 20s.

Danitra has found that it is easier for her to memorize the directions to a new location when she drives there herself, as opposed to when she is the passenger, and someone else is driving. This is an example of the von Restorff effect. the enactment effect. organization. clustering.

the enactment effect.

Compared to his other classes, Franco studies twice as hard for trigonometry, which he finds especially difficult. Yet, despite his efforts, his grades never seem to improve. This is an example of the labor-in-vain effect. overlearning. the tip-of-the-tongue effect. a feeling of knowing judgment.

the labor-in-vain effect.

One difference between episodic future thinking and retrospective episodic remembering is that episodic future thinking is typically unrelated to our life stories. usually more positive. much more vivid and detailed. unrelated to prior, similar events.

usually more positive.

Mentally picturing a stimulus that affects later recall or recognition is an example of the use of elaborative rehearsal. the generation effect. the self-reference effect. visual imagery.

visual imagery.