Chapter 6 - Thinking and Intelligence

Person-who reasoning

Questioning a well-established research finding because one knows a person who violates the finding

Spatial

Reasoning about visual spatial relationships

Intelligence quotient (IQ)

(mental age / chronological age) x 100

Deviation IQ score

100 +/- (15 x # of standard deviations the person is from the raw score mean for their standardization group)

0.90

An acceptable reliability coefficient for an intelligence test should have a value of at least _____.

Mindware

According to Stanovich, dysrationalia occurs when individuals have not developed the appropriate _____.

The availability heuristic

After several highly publicized instances of deadly shark attacks, many people stopped swimming in the ocean. It appears that vivid media coverage prompted people to use _____ to judge the probability of death by shark attack.

An ill-defined problem is missing a clear specification of at least one of these.

An ill-defined problem is missing a clear specification of which of the following?

Heritability

An index of the degree that variation of a trait within a given population is due to heredity

Increased

The Flynn effect refers to the observation that average intelligence test scores in the United States and other Western industrialized nations have _____ over the past century.

Thinking

Processing information to solve problems, reason, and make judgments and decisions is called _____.

Fixation

The inability to create a new interpretation of a problem

Functional fixedness

The inability to see that an object can have a function other than its typical one in solving a problem

Thinking

The process of information to solve problems and make judgments and decisions

Standardization

The process that allows test scores to be interpreted by providing test norms

Stanford-Binet

The revision of Binet's original intelligence test that was developed in 1916 for specific use with American schoolchildren became known as the _____.

Belief perseverance

The tendency to cling to one's beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence

Confirmation bias

The tendency to seek evidence that confirms one's beliefs

The confirmation bias

The tendency to seek evidence that supports our hypotheses is known as _____.

Mental set

The tendency to use previously successful problem-solving strategies without considering others that are more appropriate for the current problem

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

A heuristic for estimation problems in which one uses his or her initial estimate as an anchor estimate and then adjusts the anchor up or down (often insufficiently)

Availability heuristic

A heuristic for judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory (the more available, the more probable)

Representativeness heuristic

A heuristic for judging the probability of membership in a category by how well an object resembles (is representative of) that category (the more representative, the more probable)

Insight

A new way to interpret a problem that immediately yields the solution

Belief perseverance

A police detective continues to pursue the individual he feels is guilty of a robbery in the face of increasing evidence to the contrary. It is likely that the detective is experiencing _____.

Ill-defined problem

A problem lacking clear specification of either the start state, goal state, or the processes for reaching the goal state

Well-defined problem

A problem with clear specification of the start state, goal state, and the processes for reaching the goal state

Working backward heuristic

A problem-solving heuristic in which one attempts to solve a problem by working from the goal state back to the start state

Means-end analysis heuristic

A problem-solving heuristic in which the distance to the goal state is decreased systematically by breaking the problem down into subgoals and achieving these subgoals

Means-end analysis

A problem-solving strategy that makes use of subgoals in reducing the distance between start states and goal states is _____.

Heuristic

A problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given one's past experience with solving problems, especially similar problems, but does not guarantee a correct answer to a problem

A problem

A situation in which there is a specific goal, but it is not clear how to reach that goal is called _____.

Factor analysis

A statistical technique that identifies clusters of test items that measure the same ability (factor)

Algorithm

A step-by-step problem-solving procedure that guarantees a correct answer to a problem

All the answers are correct

A well-defined problem has clear specifications of the _____.

Algorithm

A(n) _____ is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution to a problem.

Naturalist

Ability to discern patterns in nature

Fluid; decrease

According to Cattell and Horn, _____ intelligence includes abstract reasoning and is hypothesized to _____ with age.

An illusory correlation

Because Janet is particularly likely to notice when the phone rings while she is in the shower, she believes that there is a relationship between taking a shower and receiving a phone call. This perceived relationship BEST illustrates _____.

50; sensitivity

Dr. Huang knows that the base rate for a disease is 5 percent. Out of 1,000 people, this base rate indicates that _____ would have the disease. To test a patient, Dr. Huang will use a test that will correctly show that the disease is present in 80 percent of the people who actually have the disease. Thus, the _____ rate for the test is 80 percent.

The occurrence of insight

For days, Dianne had been trying to think of a way to approach her parents about her desire to transfer to a new college. While taking a walk and listening to music, Dianne suddenly looked at her problem from a new perspective and thought of a solution. Dianne's behavior BEST illustrates _____.

Is greater than 100

If a child's mental age is greater than the child's chronological age, then the child's IQ _____.

Is less than 100

If a child's mental age is lower than the child's chronological age, then the child's IQ _____.

Been given to a representative sample of the relevant population

If a test has been standardized, it has _____.

Gambler's fallacy

Incorrectly believing that a chance process is self-correcting in that an event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur

Conjunction fallacy

Incorrectly judging the overlap of two uncertain events to be more probably than either of the two events

Linguistic

Language ability as in reading, writing, and speaking

Practical

Larraine always takes the 8:10 p.m. train when she has to work late because she finds there are typically a sufficient number of waiting passengers to keep her feeling safe. According to Sternberg's triarchic theory, Larraine is demonstrating _____ intelligence.

The Stanford-Binet test of intelligence

Lewis Terman is responsible for developing _____.

Bodily-kinesthetic; spatial

Mariska is skilled at handling objects but has difficulty visualizing how puzzle pieces fit together. Based on Gardner's conceptualization of intelligence, it is likely that Mariska would score high on _____ intelligence but low on _____ intelligence.

Logical-mathematical

Mathematical problem solving and scientific analysis

The tendency to use previously successful solution strategies without considering others that may be more appropriate for a current problem

Mental set is _____.

Confirmation bias

Miss Binder, a second-grade teacher, thinks that girls pass more notes in class than boys, so she watches the girls more closely than the boys. Miss Binder's behavior BEST illustrates which of the following?

Musical

Musical skills suchas the ability to compose and undertsand music

All the answers are equally likely.

On a roulette wheel, there are an equal number of red (R) and black (B) slots into which a ball may fall at random. Suppose a roulette wheel is spun five times. Which sequence of outcomes is more likely?

Heuristics

People are likely to use _____ to solve anagrams.

Bodily-kinesthetic

Skill in body movement and handling objects

Person-who reasoning

Stan loves junk food and eats it every day in vast quantities. Stan's wife keeps telling him that research results show that he is killing himself with his diet, but Stan simply points to his grandfather who lived to be 92 and ate junk food most of his life. Stan is using _____ to justify his junk food eating behavior.

A rule of thumb that the more easily we remember an event, the more probable it is

The availability heuristic is _____.

Illusory correlation

The erroneous belief that two variables are statistically related when they actually are not

Validity

The extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure or predicts what it is supposed to predict

Reliability

The extent to which the scores for a test are consistent

Flynn effect

The finding that the average intelligence test score in the US and other industrialized nations has improved steadily over the last century

The belief that a chance event that has not occurred for a while is more likely to occur

The gambler's fallacy is _____.

Reaction range

The genetically determined limits for an individual's intelligence

Working backward

Tim is trying to solve a maze that has 10 paths from the starting point, only one of which leads to the goal. For this type of problem, which would be the BEST approach?

Split-half

To determine if a test is internally consistent, which measure(s) of reliability would be appropriate to use?

A heuristic

To locate a missing receipt that Dennis knows he put in a file, Dennis systematically goes through each of the folders he uses, starting with A and working his way toward Z. This search procedure MOST closely resembles which problem-solving strategy?

Functional fixedness

Trevor did not think to use the plastic bag he was carrying as a raincoat when he was caught in a downpour, BEST illustrating _____.

Intrapersonal

Understanding oneself

Interpersonal

Understanding other people

Functional fixedness

When Melinda dropped her watch behind a bookcase that was too heavy for her to move, she failed to realize that she could use a coat hanger to reach behind the bookcase and get the watch. Melinda's failure to consider using a coat hanger BEST illustrates _____.

Use the anchoring and adjustment heuristic

When Olivia and Amanda met for the first time, Olivia's first impression was that Amanda was rather unfriendly. Although subsequent meetings indicted that Amanda may really be friendly, Olivia failed to substantially change her initial impression. This tendency to cling to an initial impression is similar to processes that occur when people _____.

Mindware gap; dysrationalia

When thinking about situations such as how a full-time job would influence the time he has to study, Nick tends to jump to conclusions that are not logical despite the fact that he has a very high IQ. According to Stanovich, Nick is demonstrating signs of a _____ that is resulting in _____.

Determining the number of square feet in your bedroom before purchasing carpet

Which is NOT an ill-defined problem?

Abstract reasoning

Which is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?

All the answers are correct.

Which of the following may lead to use of the availability heuristic?