Chapter 6

the practice of targeting people for police stops based solely on their race, ethnicity or national origin is ________.

racial profiling

the scope of the search for an arrest is the area within the suspect's _______.

reach

When police are conducting a search or seizure, they must be ____.

reasonable

the process by which police examine a person or property to find evidence of a crime is a ______.

search

electronic surveillance of a suspect cannot last more than ______ without a judicial extension.

30 days

which case announced that a warrant less search of a vehicle is allowed if the arresting officer believes that the car contains evidence pertinent to the same crime for which the arrest took place?

Arizona v. Gant

in ______, the court ruled that police may search an area within the suspect's "immediate control" to confiscate any weapons or evidence that the suspect could destroy.

Chimel v. California

with the information received from the informant and his undercover operation and surveillance of the suspect, Detective Collins believed that he was established probable cause which meant that he would now be able to obtain an arrest warrant. who is the only individual that can issue an arrest warrant?

Judge or magistrate

what is the scope of the search during a stop?

Outer clothing only

What kind of search takes place when an individual gives law enforcement permission to search their persons, homes, or belongings?

a consent search

a(n) ______ is the taking into custody of a citizens for the purpose of detaining him or her on a criminal charge.

arrest

a(n) ______ occurs when police take into custody a person suspected of criminal activity.

arrest

For Miranda to be required, a suspect must be in custody and also:

being interrogated

which exception to the search warrant requirement allowed detective collins to seize the crack cocaine?

consent

if Detective Collins went undercover and approached the window of the suspect's home and purchased crack cocaine, what source if probable cause would this be?

evidence

the ______ prohibits the use of illegally seized evidence.

exclusionary rule

______ are situations that require extralegal or exceptional actions by the police.

exigent circumstances

a(n) ______ is a situation that requires extralegal or exceptional actions by the police. in these circumstances, police officers are justified in not following procedural rules, such as those pertaining to search and arrest warrants.

exigent circumstances

the _______ exception was created in the case Nix v. Williams (1984).

inevitable

what source of probable cause would be what the informant provided to Detective Collins?

informant

if a law enforcement officer has a search warrant authorizing him to search for a laser printer, where can he look during the search procedure for this evidence?

on desktop

conducting surveillance on the suspect's home is what source of probable?

personal observation

the fourth amendment contains two critical legal concepts: a prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, and:

requirement of probable cause to make an arrest

a(n) _____ is the process by which police examine a person or property to find evidence that will be used to prove guilt in a criminal trial.

search

a(n) ______ is a written order, based on probable cause and issued by a judge or magistrate, commanding that police officers or criminal investigators search a specific person, place, or property to obtain evidence.

search warrant

a(n) ______ is the forcible taking of a person or property in response to a violation of the law.

seizure

United states v. Leon established the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule.

true

a Miranda warning is not needed when police are asking "routine" questions such as name and address.

true

a frisk can only be conducted to discover weapons.

true

a person's race or ethnicity alone cannot provide reasonable suspicion for stop and frisks.

true

a seizure is the act of taking position of a person or property.

true

an arrest is the taking into custody of a citizen for the purpose of detaining him or her on a criminal charge.

true

the Miranda warning is designed to ensure a suspect's fifth amendment protection against self- incrimination.

true

the fourth amendment contains a prohibition against ________ searches and seizures.

unreasonable

the fourth amendment protects against:

unreasonable searches and seizures

the reasoning behind the warrant less search of automobiles is that:

vehicles are movable, and could drive away before the officer could obtain a warrant

the purpose of a "frisk" is to discover:

weapons

according to the textbook, which of the following are NOT one of the exigent circumstances that exempt law enforcement officers from having to "knock and announce" their identity before entering a dwelling of an arrest warrant?

no one is home at the time of the execution of the warrant

officer martinez places heather in handcuffs and ha he sit in the back seat of her police car. while heather is being watched by the back-up officer, officer martinez does into the back seat of heather's car and seizes the bloody knife and places it into an evidence bag. which exception allows officers martinez to legally seize the bloody knife?

plain view

_______ is reasonable grounds to believe the existence of facts warranting certain actions, such as the search or arrest of a person.

probable cause

in order to obtain a search warrant, a police officer must generally provide specific information on the premises to be searched, the illegal activity taking place, the items to be seized, and:

probable cause

reasonable grounds to believe the existence of facts warranting certain actions, such as the search or arrest of a person is:

probable cause

what is the justification required to make an arrest?

probable cause

the exclusionary rule prohibits the use of illegally seized evidence.

true

under exigent circumstances law enforcement officers need not announce their presence during the execution of an arrest warrant.

true

when using a search warrant, law enforcement officers are justified in seizing items resulting from the crime in question.

true

the "good faith" exception to the exclusionary rule was established by case law in:

united states v. Leon

before going to a judge to ask for a search warrant, officers must prepare a(n) ______ in which they provide specific, written information on the property that they wish to search and seizure

affadavit

when an offense is committed in the presence of a presence of a police officer, the officer may make an ______.

arrest

a police chief can issue an arrest warrant.

false

a police officer must issue a Miranda warning to the suspect when he or she intends to conduct a stop and frisk.

false

during a frisk, officers may search the area within the immediate control of the suspect.

false

in Greenwood v. California the United States Supreme Court felt that the suspect had a reasonable explanation of privacy when it came to his garbage bags.

false

information provided by an information is not sufficient to establish probable cause; rather, physical evidence must be present.

false

police officers can never arrest someone without an arrest warrant.

false

when conduction a search incidental to arrest, officers may only search the suspect's body and clothing for evidence or weapons.

false

any physical or verbal evidence police are able to acquire by using illegally obtained evidence is known as:

fruit of the poison tree

it police officers use a search warrant that they know to be technically incorrect, the ______ exception does not apply.

good faith

officers are in ______ when they are chasing a person they have probable cause to believe committed a crime, and that person enters a building.

hot persuit

the most frequent exception to the warrant requirement involves search ______.

incident to arrest.

the direct questioning of a suspect to gather evidence of criminal activity and try to gain a confession is called a(n):

interrogation

arrest warrants are written orders, based on probable cause ans issued by a:

judge

probable cause is required for a police officer to conduct a stop and frisk.

false

of the four major sources of probable cause, ______ is not adequate to establish probable cause.

Association

what is the legal basis for the Miranda warning?

Fifth Amendment

which of the following cases set the standards for consent searches?

Schneckcloth v. Bustamonte

a law enforcement officer on border patrol does not need a warrant to search vehicles crossing the border. this exception to the search warrant is reffed to as:

a border search

the right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizure is contained within the fifth amendment to the constitution.

false

a pat-down or minimal search by police to discover weapons with the purpose of protecting the officer or other citizens, and not to find evidence of illegal substance for use in a trial, is referred to as a(n):

frisk

the Miranda warning is designed to ensure a suspects fifth amendment protection against self- incrimination.

true

generally speaking, which of the four sources of probable cause mentioned in the text is not strong enough to stand alone?

Association

_______ established that recorded conversations are inadmissible as evidence unless certain procedures are followed.

Katz v. United States

the recognized standard for a "reasonable expectation of privacy" was established by which of the following court cases?

Katz v. United states

the standard for consent searches was set in the case of ______.

Schneckcloth v. Bustamonte

Which case law established "stop and frisk?"

Terry v. Ohio

a _______ is a brief detention of a person by law enforcement agent for questioning.

stop

a(n)______ is a brief detention of a person by law enforcement agents for questioning.

stop

if a suspect indicates that they do not wish to be questioned by police, thereby refusing to waive their Miranda rights, the officers should:

stop questioning the suspect immidiately

Given the invasiveness of electronic surveillance, the Supreme Court has generally held that the practice is prohibited by _______.

the fourth amendment

_______ is evidence that is acquired through the use of illegally obtained evidence and is therefore inadmissible in court.

the fruit of the poison tree

Coolidge v. Hampshire established the doctrine for plain view search. which of the following is NOT one of the required criteria?

the suspect does not object to the officer finding the item

to determine whether a stop is based on reasonable suspicion, the court uses a _______ test.

totality of the circumstances