Chapter 7-10 Dev Psych

A child playing a board game is engaged in _____. A. formal games B. prosocial behaviors C. constructive play D. functional play

A

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, who among the following children is in the preconventional stage? A. Britney believes that she should always speak the truth so that she does not get punished. B. Dean believes that right and wrong are subjective and change with the situation. C. Fred believes that good sons will obey their parents. D. Caleb believes that school rules are instituted for the students' wellbeing.

A

According to Robert Selman, which of the following stages in children's concepts of friendship focuses on the relationship rather than on individuals separately? A. Intimate and mutual sharing B. Fair-weather cooperation C. Momentary physical interaction D. One-way assistance

A

According to the cognitive-developmental view of gender typing proposed by Lawrence Kohlberg, children: A. form concepts about gender and then fit their behavior to the concepts. B. can discriminate anatomic gender differences at the age of 18 months. C. use gender as one way of organizing their perceptions of the world. D. can distinguish whether they are boys or girls at the age of one year

A

Charlene was born a girl, but she feels that she should have been a boy as she prefers to engage in activities for boys. She is considering undergoing sex reassignment surgery and plastic surgery. Charlene belongs to the category of _____. A. transgendered people B. bisexual people C. heterosexual people D. homosexual people

A

In right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere of the brain is relatively more involved in _____ functions. A. problem-solving B. emotional C. aesthetic D. visual-spatial

A

In symbolic play, children: A. create settings, characters, and scripts. B. engage in mindless repetitive motor activity. C. play alone with their toys and do not share them. D. engage in games with rules, such as board games.

A

Janet tells her son to finish a school assignment before going to bed. However, he wants to sleep right away. Janet says, "I know you are very tired, but the assignment is really important. How about I help you with the assignment so that you can finish it early? May be you can sleep an extra hour in the morning as well, all right, honey?" In this scenario, Janet uses the _____ parenting style. A. authoritative B. rejecting-neglecting C. permissive-indulgent D. authoritarian

A

Martha is two years old. She claims that the moon plays peekaboo with her and often hides behind the clouds. In this scenario, Martha is displaying _____. A. animism B. class inclusion C. latency D. artificialism

A

Preschoolers who engage in violent pretend play demonstrate: A. lower levels of empathy than other children. B. higher levels of paranoia than other children. C. less antisocial behavior in later childhood. D. more helping behavior toward other children.

A

Researchers have found that even when boys perform as well as girls in math and science, they have less confidence in their ability. A. false B. true

A

When children share troubling ideas and experiences with peers, they realize they are normal and not alone. A. true B. false

A

Which of the following is a difference between later-born children and firstborn children? A. Later-born children are more rebellious and liberal than firstborn children. B. Later-born children show somewhat greater anxiety levels than firstborn children. C. Later-born children perform better academically and are more cooperative than firstborn children. D. Later-born children are more highly motivated to achieve than firstborn children.

A

Which of the following restrictive techniques used by parents involves explaining why one kind of behavior is good and another is not? A. The method of induction B. The method of ignoring C. The method of withdrawal of love D. The method of power assertion

A

Which of the following statements is true of mildly disabled children? A. They are the most capable among students with special needs of adjusting to the demands of educational institutions. b. Their biological growth is normal but they do not develop age-appropriate behavior at the normal pace. c. They do not acquire speech and self-help skills and remain dependent on others for survival. d. Their intelligence quotient scores are 130 or above.

A

Which of the following statements is true of sleep terrors? A. They usually occur during deep sleep. B.They are the same as nightmares. C. They are more common in infancy than at other ages. D. They occur more often as the child grows older.

A

Which of the following statements is true of teachers' influences on student performance? A. Achievement is enhanced when teachers expect students to master the curriculum. B. Teachers' effectiveness increases when they give common feedback to all students. C. Students learn more in classes when they work on their own than when they are supervised by teachers. D. Students do well when teachers rely heavily on criticism and punishment.

A

Which of the following statements is true of the phonetic method of teaching reading? A. It provides skills children can use to decode new words. B. It uses rote learning to enhance the learning process. C. It provides children with a basic sight vocabulary. D. It helps most children and adults read familiar words.

A

A difference between preschool boys and preschool girls is that preschool boys: A. tend to show more empathy and to report more fears than girls. B. show somewhat greater visual-spatial ability than girls. C. engage in less rough-and-tumble play than girls. D. show somewhat greater verbal ability than girls.

B

According to Erik Erikson, children in the stage of initiative versus guilt test themselves. A. false B. true

B

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following statements is true of the postconventional level? A. It is characterized by a respect for authority and duty. B. It is the period during which reasoning is based on the person's own moral standards. C. It is the period during which rules are perceived as the ultimate reality. D. It is characterized by an orientation toward obedience and punishment.

B

According to research by Rice in 2014 and Hankin in 2015, on a neurological level, evidence suggests that depressed people "underutilize" the neurotransmitter _____. A. epinephrine B. serotonin C. adenosine D. dopamine

B

According to the five levels of perspective-taking skills in childhood as described by Robert Selman, children in level 0: A. realize that mutual perspective taking does not always lead to agreement. B. are egocentric and do not realize that other people have perspectives different from their own. C. understand that people may think or feel differently because they have different values or ideas. D. understand that people in different situations may have different perspectives.

B

In the context of research conducted by Grusec & Davidov in 2015, which of the following is true of middle childhood? A. Children evaluate their parents less harshly than they did in early childhood. B. Parent-child interactions focus on assignment of chores and peer activities. C. Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years. D. Mothers' interactions with school-age children continue to revolve exclusively around recreation.

B

Most children live with their mothers after a divorce. A. false B. true

B

Neurological factors that enable _____ include the growth of new dendrites and redundancy of neural connections. A. elasticity B. plasticity C. enuresis D. handedness

B

Separation anxiety disorder usually becomes a significant problem in middle childhood because that is when children are expected to adjust to school. A. False B. True

B

Stimulants used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A. do not promote the activity of dopamine. B. increase children's attention span. C. degrade children's academic performance. D. do not promote the activity of noradrenaline.

B

Which of the following is a difference between scripts and episodic memory? A. Scripts are coherent in nature, while episodic memories are generalized accounts of information. B. Scripts are rarely recollected in adulthood, while episodic memories are recollected in adulthood. C. Scripts are accounts of specific events, while episodic memories are accounts of repeated events. D. Scripts are orderly accounts of information, while episodic memories are abstract accounts of information.

B

Which of the following is true of motor activity in early childhood? A. Boys show an increase in motor activity compared to that of girls. B. Motor activity begins to decline after two or three years of age. C. Children become more restless with decrease in motor activity level. D. High motor activity ensures high intelligence quotient.

B

Which of the following statements is true of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? A. It is caused by overexposure to food preservatives. B. It occurs by age seven and is many times more common in boys than girls. C. It is most widely treated by using suppressants. D. It is characterized by letter reversal, mirror reading, and reduced comprehension.

B

Which of the following techniques of enforcing restrictions on children includes isolating or ignoring misbehaving children? A. The method of induction B. The method of withdrawal of love C. The method of power assertion D. The method of deduction

B

According to Wechsler, intelligence refers to the: A. trait characterized by flexibility, ingenuity, and originality. B. ability to find free and fluent association to the elements of a problem. C. capacity to understand the world and the resourcefulness to cope with its challenges. D. thought process that attempts to focus on the single best solution to a problem.

C

At around age four or five, most children develop _____ according to Kohlberg. A. a fear of strangers B.a fear of loud noises C. the concept of gender stability D. the concept of gender constancy

C

Children with _____ are most likely to exhibit behaviors such as lying, stealing, fire setting, truancy, cruelty to animals, and fighting. A. anxiety disorders B. attention-deficit disorders C. conduct disorders D. depression

C

Concrete-operational children: A. focus on abstract ideas. B. do not exhibit transitivity. C. focus on tangible objects. D. do not engage in decentration.

C

In a 24-hour period, most preschoolers sleep: A. 15 to 16 hours at night and two hours during the day. B. 11 to 12 hours at night and four hours during the day. C. nine to ten hours at night and take a nap of one to two hours. D. three to four hours at night and take two naps of three hours each.

C

In the context of socialization influences during childhood, peers, _____. A. unlike parents, can be important influences in matters related to one's career. B. unlike parents, do not reject children who are aggressive. C. like parents, help children learn what types of impulses they can express safely. D. like parents, set limits, make demands, communicate values, and foster development.

C

Jenna is six years old. She is hesitant to go to school every morning because she does not like staying away from her father. She often complains of stomachaches to avoid school and stop her father from going to office. This scenario illustrates that Jenna is suffering from _____. A. conduct disorder B. generalized anxiety disorder C. separation anxiety disorder D. attention-deficit disorder

C

Robin, an infant, is given a rattle. He shakes his rattle and giggles. He repeats this action a couple of times. It is evident that Robin is engaged in _____. A. symbolic play B. constructive play C. functional play D. formal play

C

Russel's mother recently gave birth to a boy, Jason. Since then, Russel has become excessively clingy toward his mother. He cries whenever she attends to Jason and sometimes even wets his pants. In this scenario, Russel displays _____. A. maturity in light of his newly born brother. B. prosocial behaviors. C. regression to baby-like behaviors. D. habituation to the enlarged family.

C

Which of the following factors influences cognitive development in early childhood? A. Philosophical reasoning B. Psychological conditioning C. Preschool education D. Mental disorders

C

Which of the following is true of contrast assumption? A. It is the assumption that words refer to whole objects and not characteristics of objects B. It is the assumption that similar objects must belong to the same category C. It is the assumption that novel terms must refer to unfamiliar objects D. It is the assumption that novel terms must refer to something that you already know

C

Which of the following is true of sleep terrors? A. They are outgrown by early adolescence. B. They occur during lighter rapid-eye-movement sleep. C. They wane as children develop. D. They are less severe than nightmares.

C

Which of the following statements is true of middle childhood? A. Parents monitor their children's activities most closely during middle childhood. B. Parents provide more direct feedback than they did in the preschool years. C. Most children in developed nations come through middle childhood quite well. D. Children and parents spend more time together in middle childhood than in the preschool years.

C

Which of the following statements is true of the impact of gender difference on growth through middle childhood? A. Girls are better at throwing a ball than boys. B. Girls are better at swinging a bat than boys. C. Boys show greater forearm strength than girls. D. Boys show greater limb coordination than girls.

C

Which of the following statements is true regarding the grammatical abilities of children? A. By ten years of age, children find it extremely difficult to interpret passive sentences. B. By the age of six, children lack the ability to form indirect object-direct object constructions. C. By seven to nine years of age, most children realize that words can have different meanings. D. By eight years of age, children make dramatic advances in articulation and in the capacity to use complex grammar.

C

_____ is best described as an irrational, excessive fear that interferes with one's functioning. A. Depression B. Anxiety C. Phobia D. Despair

C

A child with _____ is most likely to voice concerns about death and dying and insist that someone stay with him or her at bedtime. A. conduct disorder B. narcissistic personality disorder C. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder D. separation anxiety disorder

D

According to Erik Erikson, the preschool period is marked by a decline in the fear of _____. A. punishment B. animals and imaginary creatures C. social disapproval D. loud noises

D

According to Piaget, the preoperational stage of cognitive development: A. involves the use of abstract reasoning. B. involves a growing mastery of formal logic. C. lasts from approximately age eight to age eleven. D. lasts from approximately age two to age seven.

D

According to Robert Selman, children in ______of perspective-taking skills are most likely to consider the fact that society expects children to obey their parents. A. LEVEL 1 B. LEVEL 2 C. LEVEL 3 D. LEVEL 4

D

According to research by Graham and Reynolds in 2013 ______techniques involving parent training hold promise for the treatment of conduct disorders. A. PHYCHOANALYTICAL B. PSYCHODINAMIC C. GENDER-SCHEMA D. COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL

D

Aggressive children appear to be: A. more empathic than their peers. B. less egocentric than their peers. C. more accurate in interpreting the intentions of others. D. lacking in the ability to see things from the perspective of others.

D

Akiva sees a group of three boys playing next to him in class. He does not attempt to join them but simply watches them. According to Mildred Parten, Akiva is involved in _____. A. solitary play B. associative play C. formal play D. onlooker play

D

Ameena is a 14-year-old girl with many friends in school and in the neighborhood. She easily strikes up conversations with peers and is known to be very helpful. Her friends admire and emulate her. Which of the following descriptions best suits Ameena? A. Introvert B. Emotional C. Coy D. Popular

D

April, Katy, and John study in the third grade. They regularly play a game they call "Shopping," wherein April assumes the role of a shopkeeper, Katy assumes the role of April's assistant, and John acts as a customer. Although they do not follow any rules, they have a script, and they play according to it. It is evident that April, Katy, and John are engaged in _____. A. constructive play B. functional play C. formal games D. symbolic play

D

Conservation is the understanding that: A.one's perspective is the same as other people's perspective, irrespective of the situation. B. parents are aware of everything happening to their children, even when they are not present. C. environmental features, such as mountains and thunder, have been designed and created by people. D. properties of objects remain the same, even if you change their superficial characteristics.

D

Firstborn children: A. act more aggressively compared to younger siblings. B. show lesser anxiety levels than later-born children. C. tend to be somewhat more rebellious and liberal than later-born children. D. are more highly motivated to achieve than later-born children.

D

In the context of child development, a similarity between schools and parents is that both: A. discourage empowerment of students at a young age. B. act as important confidants. C. refrain from setting limits on behavior. D. make demands for mature behavior.

D

Logan, a seven-year-old, suffers from dyslexia. He goes to a regular school which offers special provisions to help him in his studies. His teacher gives him extra attention to help him understand different letters and sounds associated with them. Logan is given extra time to finish his classwork. This scenario illustrates the process of _____. A. encoding B. seriation C. bonding D. mainstreaming

D

Permissive-indulgent parents are: A. generally cold and rejecting. B. low in showing warmth to their children. C. high in their attempts to control their children. D. easygoing and unconventional.

D

Sleepwalking is related to: A. developmental and learning disorders. B. not being able to control impulses. C. general misbehavior. D. immaturity of the nervous system.

D

Solitary play is an example of _____. A.symbolic play B.associative play C. cooperative play D. nonsocial play

D

The following children understand one concept each. In this context, who among the following children understands the principle of transitivity? A. Sam understands that tulips belong to the category of flowers. B. Winny understands that the quantity of water does not change even when it is filled in containers of different shapes. C.Kathy understands that the symbols used in a language are arbitrary. D. Berry understands that if George is taller than Tina and Tina is taller than Gia, then George is taller than Gia.

D

Unlike the left hemisphere of the brain, the right hemisphere is relatively more involved in: A. intellectual undertakings that require logical analysis in right-handed individuals. B. processing visual information in left-handed individuals. C. problem-solving and computation in left-handed individuals. D. aesthetic and emotional responses in right-handed individuals.

D

Which of the following is an accommodation strategy for disabled children? A. Seriation B. Conservation C. Assimilating D. Mainstreaming

D

Which of the following processes is used to assess whether a child understands the principle of transitivity? A. Rehearsal B. Mainstreaming C. Encoding D. Seriation

D

Which of the following statements is true of concrete-operational children? A. They fail to understand the principles of conservation and class inclusion. B. They focus on intangible ideas instead of tangible objects. C. They are more egocentric than preoperational children. D. They have the decentration capacity to allow them to seriate in two dimensions.

D

Which of the following techniques of enforcing restrictions on children includes physical punishment and denial of privileges? A. The method of withdrawal of love B. The method of induction C. The method of ignoring D. The method of power assertion

D