Chapter 7

Hostile aggression is provoked and occurs with an explicit goal in mind.

false

Friendship involves mutual and voluntary liking.

true

​Many countries in ____ have a strong cultural prohibition against using physical punishment with children.

Europe and Asia

​In one approach to countering racism, children in a European-American elementary school were taught about the racism that famous African Americans, such as Jackie Robinson, endured. What were the results of such informative lessons?

The children had more favorable attitudes toward African Americans.

​Cornelius is an elementary school child whose parents are having a conference with his teacher. "I've noticed," his teacher says, "that Cornelius is both intensely liked and disliked by several of his peers." Based on this observation, Cornelius would be regarded as a(n) ____ child.

controversial

​According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), the four distinct parenting styles do NOT include which of the following?

egalitarian

As adults, children of divorced parents are less likely to experience a divorce themselves because select their spouses much more carefully.

false

Even well-crafted intervention programs have failed to reduce the rates of child abuse and maltreatment in the United States.

false

​A ____ is a voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking.

friendship

​____ aggression occurs when a child uses aggressive actions to achieve an explicit goal.

instrumental

​As your authors note, in many schools the ____ have the highest status among the students, while the ____ have the lowest.

jocks; burnouts

​Maryann's mother asks her to go clean up her room, and Maryann promptly ignores the instruction. Her mother asks her again, and the outcome is the same. After a third attempt, this time with a bit of volume, Maryann starts whining that she doesn't want to clean up her room. Her mother finally gives up and says, "Fine, if you want to live in a filthy room, that's your choice." Maryann's mother has inadvertently increased the likelihood that Maryann will whine when asked to do a chore via the

negative reinforcement act

​As your textbook notes, children are generally able to identify people from ethnic groups other than their own by what age range?

preschool years

​There have recently been several high-profile cases of 'cyber-bullying,' where adolescents used social networking websites to torment a peer. In one instance, the bullies called a young girl names, interrupted her friendships with other classmates, and led her to feel very depressed and isolated. Which of the following is the type of aggression that was used in these cases?

relational

​Israel's parents have been taking him to different places in the neighborhood lately—the temple, the Jewish Community Center, and the local B'nai B'rith headquarters. They are hoping that he will really embrace his own religious background and culture, as his older siblings have. This process of teaching a child the values, roles, and behaviors of a culture is known as ____.

socialization

​Research into the different "types" of children found in elementary school classrooms found five different categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?

solitary children

A mixed-sex group of older children and adolescents who share similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label such as "jocks" or "nerds" is called a crowd.

true

The prognosis for children who are mistreated is not good, as they can experience physical, social, and/or emotional damage.

true

​Gabe tends to be very aggressive with his siblings and peers, and he is doing poorly in school. If he is this way primarily because of parenting, he probably receives ____ parenting in his home.

uninvolved

​P.J.'s parents provide neither warmth for him nor control of his actions. They do not spend much time with him, and they do give him much opportunity for any real emotional bonding with them. According to Baumrind (1975, 1991), P.J. is receiving ____ parenting.

uninvolved

​Which statement regarding the friendships that often develop between youngsters is FALSE?

​Children and adolescents usually befriend others who are different from themselves, and this complementarity enhances the relationship.

​Which is the most effective way for parents to reduce the negative impact of divorce on a child?

​Don't view the love of your child as a competition between you and your ex-spouse.

​Which of the following parental discipline styles would be most likely to result in a "rejected child" in the classroom?

​Jessica is very inconsistent with her son, punishing misbehavior one day and then ignoring it the next day.

​In their 30s, adults who were highly aggressive as children are at risk for

​chronic unemployment

​Research examining oft-made criticisms of television-watching in children has found that

​simply watching television does not do harm to a child's ability to pay attention.