Chapter 7
Researchers have found that the family structure factor of ___________ and the family process factor of ___________ are strongly linked to increasing the likelihood of the occurrence of physical abuse toward youth.
large family size; high parental depression
Compared to runaway children in the United States, street children across the world are more likely to develop resourcefulness and cognitive skills despite their difficult conditions, which is called _________. Furthermore, the main factor that leads street children to leave home is _________.
resilience; family poverty
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a parent would describe the experience of their first child moving away from home to attend college?
"I have missed my son a lot since he moved out, but I have enjoyed being able to spend more quality time with my husband and as such our marital relationship has improved."
Which of the following best reflects the research evidence for what an emerging adult would say in response to the question, "How has conflict with your parents changed since adolescence?"
"Since I started college and moved into the dorms, we argue less because we are not living on top of each other. Plus, I can control when I do and do not talk and spend time with my parents, and this time apart has helped me see my parents in a new light and establish a new sense of mutual respect with them."
The current divorce rate in America is such that about _____ of the current generation of youth are expected to experience their parents' divorce by the time they reach late adolescence.
50%
Research on American minority cultures has found that because about ___________ of African American adolescents are being raised in single-parent households, extended family support is especially important and has been ___________ linked to adolescents' engagement in problem behaviors.
70%; negatively
Which of the following examples best reflects the research findings regarding the importance of attending to family processes versus family structure when investigating the effects of divorce on youth?
Adolescents and emerging adults in high-conflict nondivorced households have poorer adjustment than adolescents and emerging adults in low-conflict divorced households.
John is a street child who has developed resourcefulness despite his challenging conditions. For instance, John buys souvenirs from his local market and then sells them at 75% mark-up to tourists in the nearby city to make a profit to give to his mother, who is a single parent. Given this information, where is John MOST likely from?
Africa
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how divorce affects adolescents' relationships with their fathers?
After James's parents divorced, he and his mom moved from Indiana to Florida to start a new life; subsequently, James has little contact with his dad and blames him for the divorce.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of adolescents who run away from home in the United States?
Approximately 1 million adolescents run away from home every year in the United States, and one of the most common family factors linked to running away is experiencing physical or sexual abuse.
Which of the following best explains how the parenting styles model classifies parental responsiveness in non-Western cultures and Western cultures?
Because the parenting styles model defines responsiveness as open expressions of affection, the model classifies non-Western parents as low in responsiveness compared to Western cultures; however, this is an erroneous conclusion because parent-adolescent relationships in non-Western cultures maintain a high level of closeness via the value of interdependence.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how family process may ameliorate the effects of divorce on adolescents?
Beth's parents are undergoing divorce mediation to negotiate an agreement regarding child support for her mom and a visitation schedule for her dad; as such, her parents are being less hostile and more civil in their communication.
When Brittany received her driver's license, her parents initiated a discussion with her about changing her curfew from 8 p.m. to 10 p.m. Her parents explained that with the driver's license, she has more ability to spend time with friends, but that this freedom comes with responsibility and that it is safer for Brittany to have a curfew of 10 p.m. versus midnight. What parenting style are Brittany's parents exhibiting?
Brittany's parents are exhibiting the authoritative parenting style.
Rebecca is in seventh grade, and her brother Alex is in fifth grade. Because their parents work late into the evening, when the school day ends Rebecca makes them an after school snack and helps Alex with his homework. What type of sibling relationship do Rebecca and Alex portray?
Caregiver relationship
Chen is a 12-year-old girl growing up in China. Chen really wants to go to the movies with her friends after school, but her parents have said "no" and instructed her to come home and finish her homework instead. How is Chen MOST likely to respond to this conflict with her parents if she is like the majority of adolescents from a traditional culture?
Chen disagrees with her parents' decision, but she will not argue with them or defy their decision out of respect and obligation for parental authority.
Which of the following scenarios best reflects a critical relationship between siblings?
Debbie and Amy are sisters who are both in middle school and often argue about how they feel like their parents do not treat them equally because Amy thinks it is unfair for her to have an earlier curfew than Debbie since she is only 1 year younger.
Diego is a 13-year-old Latino boy who is being raised to obey his parents without question, especially his father, while also maintaining a high level of family closeness and mutual obligation. Which of the following two cultural beliefs is Diego being socialized to develop?
Diego is being socialized to develop the Latino cultural beliefs of respeto and familismo.
_________ is a principle of the family systems approach that explains why, for instance, the advent of puberty can result in poorer relationship quality between adolescents and their parents.
Disequilibrium
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for how a secure attachment relationship established in infancy is linked to developmental outcomes during adolescence?
During childhood, Claire's parents consistently and caringly responded to her needs and she felt safe to explore her environment; as such, Claire developed a healthy level of relatedness and autonomy that has positively influenced her social skills and self-dependence as an adolescent.
____________ tend to be the most common parent to physically and sexually abuse their adolescent children, and ____________ adolescents tend to be the most common recipient of physical abuse.
Fathers; male
Which of the following reflects the typical living arrangements of families in traditional cultures, and how that is linked to family relationships?
In traditional cultures it is typical for newly married couples to live in the husband's parents' home; youth growing up in these households are in close proximity to their extended family, which promotes developing close and supportive relationships, especially with grandparents.
Jamshed's family's poverty and overcrowded home led him to become a street child. On the street, he joined a gang of other street boys, and they often find time for play and recreation amidst working as shoe shiners. Mason enjoys the freedom and thrill of being on the street. Given this information, what country is Jamshed MOST likely from?
India
Which of the following scenarios best reflects the family systems principle of subsystems?
Jaime and her brother, Jordan, are constantly fighting over who gets to use the family car on the weekends to hang out with their friends; as such, their fighting has negatively impacted both of their relationships with their parents, as well as their parents' marital relationship because their mom and dad disagree about how to handle their fighting.
The fact that about 80% of American adolescents today list at least one member of their extended family, notably their grandparents, among the people most important to them reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 200 years?
Longer life expectancy
The fact that the majority of American adolescents with siblings today have only one sibling reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 200 years?
Lower birth rate
Rachel's biological parents divorced when she was 11 years old and her younger brother, Richard, was 5 years old. Rachel's mother remarried 2 years after the divorce, and now Rachel and her brother have a stepfather. Based on the research evidence about remarriage, how are Rachel and Richard MOST likely to respond to their mother's remarriage and why?
Rachel will have more problems adjusting to her mother's remarriage than Richard because the closeness Rachel developed with her mother post-divorce will be disrupted by her stepfather, whom she views as an unwelcome intruder in their family.
When Damian transitioned from middle school to high school, he increasingly broke the boundaries his parents set and argued with his parents about their rules. In response, Damian's parents increasingly demonstrated an authoritarian parenting style because Damian ignored the explanations of the rules they previously established and because he repeatedly violated their trust. This scenario reflects which of the following principles about research on parent-child relationships?
Reciprocal effects
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence for the general pattern of how and why sibling relationships change from childhood into adolescence?
Research has found that from childhood to adolescence, sibling relationships tend to be less conflictual and more casual, partly because adolescents' increasing involvement in friendships and employment outside the family results in less time spent with and thus less conflict with siblings.
Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the general patterns of parents' development in midlife?
Research has found that midlife is a satisfying and enjoyable time of life, as job satisfaction and earning power increase and gender roles and personalities become more flexible; the research, evidence does not support the stereotyped "midlife crisis."
Which of the following best summarizes the research findings from the studies on differential parenting that tracked 720 families across the United States and included multiple types of two same-sex siblings within each family?
Results supported the existence of nonshared environmental influences, in that the siblings experienced different family environments and that these differences were evident in adolescents' behavior and psychological functioning.
The fact that more than 25% of young people today will spend some time in a stepfamily by the time they reach age 18 reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 50 years?
Rise in the divorce rate
Maggie has two teenagers and she works 40 hours a week as a legal aide at a law firm. Although Maggie's husband earns enough money so that she does not need to work, she says that she wants to keep working because she enjoys the challenge of the legal profession. Maggie's perspective reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 50 years?
Rise in the rate of dual-earner families
Most White and Black American adolescents today do not live with both biological parents. This reflects which of the following changes that have taken place in adolescents' family lives over the past 50 years?
Rise in the rate of single-parent households and the divorce rate
Diana Baumrind and other psychologists conducted research on the kinds of practices that parents exhibit in relation to their children and the effects of these practices, which resulted in identifying four distinct parenting styles. Which of the following best explains how parents are categorized into one of the parenting styles, and what the resulting four parenting styles are?
The level at which parents engage in the dimensions of demandingness and responsiveness in their parenting practices determines their parenting style; the resulting combinations of high and low levels of these dimensions are the four parenting styles of authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and disengaged.
Parents in India generally expect adolescents to obey without questioning their parents' authority. This style of parenting is ______ with an underlying value of _________.
a custom complex; collectivism
From 1800 to 2000, the range of functions the family serves has been greatly reduced and transitioned to other social institutions, with the _________ function being one of the only functions the family still provides in modern day.
affective
Research has found that a key family process variable that explains adolescents' responses to remarriage is the extent to which stepfathers use their ________ when parenting adolescents.
authority
Conflict with parents tends to increase sharply in ___________ adolescence and according to research by psychologist Judith Smetana, parents and adolescents often disagree about who should have the authority over issues such as hairstyles and choice of friends, which reflects parent-adolescent differences in perceptions of the range of adolescents' ___________.
early; autonomy
Longitudinal studies that include data before and after divorce indicate that adolescents' problems after divorce often began long before the divorce, as a consequence of high conflict between their parents. This research reflects a scholarly focus on ___________ to explain the effects of divorce.
family process
A psychologist has an adolescent patient who is sexually active with multiple partners and reports having suicidal thoughts and difficulty trusting others. If this adolescent follows general patterns of adolescents who have been researched, the sex of the adolescent is MOST likely _________, and the type of abuse the adolescent experienced is MOST likely _________.
female; sexual
Although researchers have found few differences between adolescents in dual-earner families and sole-earner families, studies have indicated that adolescents are at a _________ risk for problem behaviors if both parents work _________.
higher; full-time
Adolescents raised by ___________ parents, who provide their children with love and give them a great deal of freedom to do as they please, tend to be ________________.
permissive; irresponsible and immature