CHAPTER 7 APUSH

Turns northerns towards abloshinsits. They see slavery for the first time. What slavery was. Some see it as a moral issue now. Moderate northerns become more extreme. Also, white mobs would protect blacks from slave catchers. Syracuse NY, Boston MA, Milwaukee and Racine WI. Many northern states defending African Americans. MA will be the first state to nullify it. Other northern states follow. Using souths argument against them, more northerners join the underground railroad. The law hurts the south more than helping it.

+s of CO1850

the Mexican war was relatively small. Lost about 13k lives, however, in 19th century warfare, most deaths were from diseases. Second, we now have a bunch more land. Over 1 million square miles, larger than the LAP. Another positive, experience. This time they were fighting as comrades, Robert E. Lee, Grant, in 13 more years they be enemies but whatever. The navy carried out a very successful blockade which is used in the Civil War as well, and the marines, army, and the halls of Montezuma were undefeated, even when they were outnumbered. They got greater respect abroad.

+s of ma war

third party in 1856, part was a secret society of ultra-nationalists, password was I know nothing

American party/No Nothing Party

His last great speech "*((98989" 1850, for 3 hours talking about union, but he too was struggling. Liver problems. He told northerners (didn't like slavery) to have to give reasonable concessions to the south. Give and take. A better FSA violating acts of congress, adn then he said don't create any anti-slave laws since it angers the south. God has his own Wilmot Proviso, meaning the southerners wouldn't bring their slaves out west. No farming in the west. Cali chose to free, but it could have held slaves. His speech turned the tide in the North to compromise.

His 7th of March Speech, Webster

The pro-slavery government in Kansas was established in what town?

Lecompton

In the mdist, 1857 Kansas has a big enough population and could apply for statehood. They (Shawnee) created the **** to apply for statehood. They have to determine through popular sovereignty, so they create the constitution. They vote with or without slavery. If you vote for without slavery, those slave owners in Kansas can keep their slaves. Free Soilers are irate, and then they boycotted the polls. For the illegitimate vote. But that seals the deal, so they apply as a slave state. The new president, Bucannon is all for it. Congress has to approve though.

Lecompton COnstitution

. Early 1840s, brits wanted to build a military road from Quebec (Montreal) from Halifax, Nova Scotia. problem> the road goes through Maine according to America. They claim it was Canadian territory. They bring out maps and all. It is disputed now, about 12,000 square miles. It gets bad when the Aroostook War. Happens in the Aroostook river valley. The fighting was the Maine state militia, maineiacs, takes on lumberjacks in Canada. The lumberjacks were cutting down the trees to prepare for the road. There was some fighting but not much. The little fight though, could escalate in war.

Maine Boundary Dispute/Battle of the Maps

1846-1848. Now that congress delcared war, Polk wants it to be quick, leave out as much bloodshed. Very limited war. He even looked fro ways to win the war without fighting. Santa Anna had been dethroned after losing the Texas Revolution. They exiled him to Cuba. He lived with his teenage bride. US approached him to talk to him. They asked if he wanted to lead Mexico again. They could sneak him back into mexico, and he could take over again. In return, he had to give California and Texas. (the lands between too) We snuck him in, and he was able to retake control of the Mexican government. But, he did not deliver goods to us.He double crossed us. Now, he told his countryman to double their efforts to win. He tells them to rally and defend their soil. Now its war

Mexican/Mexican American war

Since he was again and his health wasn't the greatest, he'd need help. He gets help from Stephen A. DOuglas from IL, a senator. Only 37. They called him the Little Giant. Only 5'4, but he wanted to be the next Clay. He might be one of the greatest debaters in American history. He works with Clay to push the bill from congress. The big sticking point he tells the North they had to make a stronger FSA. Preserve the union.

Omnibus bill

It happens in the 1840s. It happens from travel books. British travelers would tour the US and then right travel guides. They bash the Untied States, and specifically the south. Slave auctions, lynchings, racism, hillbillies, etc. Americans were outraged, especially the south. So we have a third war with England, a war of words. So American journalists attack Britain. Magazines came out every quarter so 4 times a year. British editors v American editors. Another reason: We didn't pay londs, debts, and bonds back. We took out loans from a British bank, but because of the panic we couldn't pay them. Another problem, in 1837, (yes 37) the Canadian insurrection, during MVB presidency. A small group of Canadians rebel against the british. Like a SOL. They cause chaos and many Americans support them with supplies, weapons, and some volunteered w=even though MVB said we were neutral. GB was like WTF.

The War of the Quartleys

Northern Mexico: general, Taylor. Old Rough n Ready. His goal was to work his down towards central mexico and into Mexico city. He wins several small victories in Northern Mexico. The key victory was the Battle of Buena Vista. Feb 22-23 of 47. The key: He was outnumbered 5k to 20k. He won a stunning victory. He soon became known as the Hero of Buena Vista. Therefore, whigs start talking. Maybe they should run him for president in the next election. Polk was irate since he was the one putting the orders out. Polk halts Taylor's attack, so he only secured Northern Mexico. He stops the assault to Mexico so Taylor would have less glory, and he didn't him to overtake him the presidency

Prong 2

"Mexico will poison us and Santa Anna will have his revenge."

Ralph Waldo Emmerson (compare to wolf by the ears)

Where was the Republican Party formed?

Ripon, Wisconsin

South freaks out. A free CA would make them go insane. They were going to block a free soil CA, some Fire Eaters even threatened to secede if Cali was brought in. Americans were worrying it would break the union, so the nation turned to congress. Can Congress save the day? The last run of the immortal trio or great triumvirate. Henry Clay, JCC, and Webster. They have dominated since before the war of 1812. They've grown in political capacity. Senator Clay from KY (73) known as the Great Pacificator/Compromiser. He saved the nation twice from collapse. Comes up with 8 points, some favoring the north and some favoring the south. He puts them into a huge bill, Omnibus Bill. Since he was again and his health wasn't the greatest, he'd need help. He gets help from Stephen A. DOuglas from IL, a senator. Only 37. They called him the Little Giant. Only 5'4, but he wanted to be the next Clay. He might be one of the greatest debaters in American history. He works with Clay to push the bill from congress. The big sticking point he tells the North they had to make a stronger FSA. Preserve the union. JCC and Clay used to be buds, but because of the controversies, JCC switched. Biggest Fire Eater. He was now 68 and was dying of Tuberculosis. From SC. He even got the name the Great Nullifier. He was the champion of the south, and did not want to compromise. He gives a speech to tell the southerners to tell them to block it, but he was too sick so James Mason reads it. In his speech he talks about how the north had to compromise more and slavery should never be touched, the south should not be seen as a minorty in congress, and the two president idea. He nevers gets to see the debate, because he kicks the bucket. He had a huge memorial. Third, DW. 68, MA, argues like Clay for union. His last great speech "His 7th of March Speech" 1850, for 3 hours talking about union, but he too was struggling. Liver problems. He told northerners (didn't like slavery) to have to give resonalble consessions to the south. Give and take. A better FSA violating acts of congress, adn then he said don't create any anti-slave laws since it angers the south. God has his own Wilmot Proviso, meaning the southerners wouldn't bring their slaves out west. No farming in the west. Cali chose to free, but it could have held slaves. His speech turned the tide in the North to compromise. The northern commercial elements and bankers loved the speech because if the south would secede they would lose millions of dollars. They wanted compromise. Other side, abolitionists call him a traitor to the cause of abolition. Webster didn't like slavery, but saving the union had to be together. If we did go to disunion they'd never stop slavery. He thought abolitionists were too extreme. Compromise to save the union. As the debate in congress skyrocketed, the Young Guard popped up. Northerners, new young politicians who don't care about the union, and want to stop the spread of slvaery. Aboloshints entering into politics. Opposite of fire eaters, and they don't want to compromise. They feel like they're giving too much. The leader of the young guard was a freshman senator from NY, William Seward. Takes a stand against compromise, wanting to end slavery. Theres a more important law than the constituion, he appeals to God's law and God wouldn't approve of slavery. God's never wrong: used as propaganda. Run by the law of the constitution, therefore the south isn't "wrong." Under the tenth amendment they can still have slavery if they chose. The debate over Cali.

cali debate

links to civil war in a way. A lot of people thought that when Taylor came in the slavery issue wouldn't be discussed. With Cali, it blows the lid of the whole thing. A man by the name of John Sutter, swiss adventure, gets a huge land grant from the Mexican government in 1839. He established Sutter's fort. It's located at the end of the Cali trail, like the Walmart of Northern California. He had a nice business, Sacramento and AMerican RIvers, and one day, a mechanic named James Marshall (making a sawmill) Jan 24 of 48, and saw shiny in the river. And he gets some gold. At first he thought it was fools gold. He got it tested, and it was pure gold. He shouldn't have told anyone, but he did. Throughout 48 the word spreads throughout the US. It reaches the East Coast in September. People were skeptical. Polk (48) confirms it, and people go crazy. Launching the Great Cali gold rush. From all over the world came pouring in. Calis population skyrockets too fast. Rises over 200k by 1860. Brought miners and brought people to serve the miners, prostitutes, blue jeans, etc."Lawless men and virtueless women" most were male. The manly come in 1849,the become known as the 49ers. Boom towns pop up, and a lot of towns set up vigilance committees to watch out for crime. Glorified neighborhood watch. If you were caught stelaing you'd get the death penalty, trying to elimintae lawlessness. Cali applied to become a state since they had the population, but they had to draw up a constitution. They do in 49', but the problem being Cali was applying to be a free state, and the south goes nuts. Replay of the MO and TX questions. It would throw out the equilibrium. SOuth wants to block Cali from entering the union. Cali and the Gold Rush being a leading cause of the Civil War.

cali gold rush

A small group of Canadians rebel against the british. Like a SOL. They cause chaos and many Americans support them with supplies, weapons, and some volunteered w=even though MVB said we were neutral. GB was like WTF.

canadian insurrection

Guided by Stephen Douglas. He pushed it through congress. He takes the Omnibus bill and breaks it into 5 separate bills. It would be easier to pass that way. The first bill, California Statehood, would become a free state, tipping the balance 16-15 to the north. Many historians claim it benefits the north therefore. Second, the Utah and New Mexico territories formed. They could choose slavery based on popular sovereignty. They would never be slave, so the south because of it turns their eye south for slaves, like Cuba, carribean, etc. Third, Texas. Texas has to give up the NM lands, Including Santa Fe. In return the US would give them 10 mil to pay off their debts. Fourth, the slave trade would be outlawed in DC. Inital slave trade auctions in DC, but slavery could remain. Fifth The New Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. The Bloodhound bill when the Northern public heard this, they were applied and hated this part. Here's what happens. Allows for slave catchers (bounty hunters) to go into free states and to arrest and capture slaves. They were hired by the owners of plantations. Worse, when slaves are arrested they'd go before a federal judge (comisnoer) and the judge wouldn't allow jury. Blacks couldn't testify for themselves, so it was basically the bounty hunter woukld say the decription and they would send them back to slavery. Worse, federal judges get 5 bucks for every free slave. If you send them back to slavery they would get 10. A lot of people rarely made that much, made for lots of corrupt judges. Lot of free blacks put into slavery by this. Throughout the north it becomes the Man Stealing Law. If you get the wrong judge on the wrong day, or if you were caught helping runaways you'd go to jail or get fined.

compromise of 1850

New England-based, Massachusetts-centered faction of the Whig party

conscience whigs

the orient

asia

Neither party wants to truly take a stand on the issue of slavery, so both parties are still national parties, trying to appeal to everyone. Mass based. The fear: if the parties become sectionalized it will lead to civil war. Northern and southern party was on its way. To prevent slavery issues because it would divide the union. However, although most politicians abide, extremists on both sides argue. On side, Ablishonints were in the vast majority, joined by conscious whigs. Other side, Southern democrats/fire-eaters. JCC type. Want a stronger south. Lines were drawn by extremists, people in the middle didn't want war. Democrats: they thought they would win easily since nobody was gonna beat Polk out of the war. Technically, Tyler did Texas, but under Polk's watch. Annex=Tyler how does Texas come in the union= Polk. He had lots of anxiety and depression and his body was a junkyard. He wanted a second term, but he had to step down from his health. He would have easily won though. Dems freak out. They weren't thinking of anyone else. They turn to General Lewis Cass. He was an old general from the war of 1812 and was a senator from Mi and a diplomat. He was experienced. Lewis Cass was arrogant though. He also had a lot of enemies, "Jackass". As the dems choose him, most dems did not want to talk about slavery. Lewis Cass talked directly about it, the father's popular sovereignty. To be popular, be liked. Sovereignty, to be independent, power. Rule by the people. Make it a local issue, not national. At first, most Americans liked the idea, it was very democratic, even politicians. They could wash their hands of the issue. One flaw in Pop. sov: It didn't end slavery or stop the extension. Whigs: Whigs wanted to cash in on Taylor Fever. The nation wants them to come out sweet. They think he would easily win, but Taylor never held any political offices, and wasn't even political and never had voted. WHigs thought it was a good thing since he had no enemies, and clay and webster were gonna run the show. Trying to run him like jackson/WHH. The third party. Free-Soil, not wanting to extend slavery. It was a mixed coalition. A mess. Big groups: Wilmot Proviso supporters, supporting federal inter improvements. People who wanted free homesteads for western settlers, industrialists, were angry at the tariff being lowered, some dems that took all of Texas but not Oregon, and former Liberty party members. Their nominee was MVB. "Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men" doesn't say abolition of slavery. Major piece of their platformed: Condemed slavery not for moral issues, but economic issues, wanting to protect whites moving to the frontier from big businesses with slaves. So they can compete. Some do it for moral reasons, but it's more economic. The one party that was sectional, all northern mostly. It didn't win, but the ideas did eventually take off with the republican party in the 50s. The whole election becomes a personality fight, and Taylor's image takes control. He won. 163-127(LC) and MVB with 0. It was too sectionalized. Taylor is now the 12th president. NY puts him over the top. The free soil takes votes away from Cass than Taylor, 2nd whig being elected.

election of 1848

who named bleeding kansas

horus greenly

Oregon. Not as controversial as Texas since in the early 1840s they got Oregon fever. Americans take the Oregon trail to get out there. Context: 1818, convention of 1818, JQA and Britain and British and America would share oregon. However, Oregon extended from 42 N L to 54 50. Up to Alaska. However, over time most Americans lived south of the columbia river and brits tended to go north. The dividing line. As Americans go, they go and be Trailblazers. The Oregon trail starts in Independence, MO and it ends near the Willamette River Valley. ABout a 2000 mile trail, takes around 5 months. It was NOT easy to get to Oregon. You could die from a variety of things. Weather, mud, snow, rain, ravines, mountains, accidents, don't diverge the trail, you might end up like the Donner Party. If you go on the California Trail, you can get lost in the Sierra Nevada mountains and get lost in snow storms. They had to eat each other. Tons of disease. The one myth: Americans were always getting attacked by natives. There were some, but the natives weren't worried yet. High levels of equality. Life on the trail destroys gender roles. It was survival, so there's no republican motherhood. The farther west, greater equality. Eastern, more racist, sexist. African Americans and everyone else besides natives were now equal. If you made it, congrats. There was another route, take a steamer to go all the way around south america and end up there, and you had to be LOADED to do that. 17 deaths per mile. Small groups would go out and lots of deaths. However, by 1846 about 5000 Americans now lived in Oregon, south of the columbia river, and only about 700 british canadians up north. A lot of Americans wanted all the land so it became a huge issue.

issues with oregon, jt

exas. WTH do we do with Texas. When Texas won and forced Santa Ana to sign the treaty, the established the lone star republic, its own country. Mexico didn't recognize their independence. Ana doesn't accept the treaty because he signed it under duress, they view Texas in a state of rebellion. The US views them as an independent nation. We just didn't annex them. Cuz of slave issues. It could split the union. Congress created the gag rule where you can't discuss slavery. Texas was all alone, but Texas now needed to protect themselves because they would get attacked by Apache and Comanche. The Mexican government also launched raids. They created a law enforcement agency, the Texas Rangers. They were like an early military, to protect Texans from outside attacks. They also wanted allies, so in 39 and 40 they started securing treaties with foreign countries to create a protective shield. With France, Belgium, and holland. Texas was its own sovereign nation. The number one country: Texas and GB. The bris love an autonomous Texas. It was cheaper to trade cotton with Texas. They didn't have the protective tariff in texas. Freer trade. They can circumvent the American south. They could reduce the price then. They view it as a free trade area. Some talk about violating the Monroe Doctrine, and british wanted to abolozie slavery there. A Quasi-colony, a sort of colony. The AMerican south pressures the north to annex texas since they were losing money in the cotton trade. The North sees it as a plot to create more slavery and more contorl of the south, so thats why for 9 years. Thats why its the leading issue.

issues with texas, jt

Since AJ killed the bank we have booms and busts. Through most of the 1850s until 57' it was great. Panic of 1857. Leading causes of panics are overspeculation. By 1850s people were grabbing up lands with funny money again. Also, now railroads were starting to pop up, railroad stocks were being gobbled up too. Inflation from the CA gold rush. The gold went into circulation so inflation. Oversupply of grain. Too much grain. There were orders from overseas from the Crimean War and we were supplying them with food and grains. Grain prices drop and northern farmers get crushed. Over 5000 businesses collapse in a year, unemployment skyrockets. Hunger meeting were happening, so many people were moving to the cities because they couldn't be farmers anymore. This is not as bad as the panic of 1837 economically. BUT 57 is the most psychology of the entire 1850s. The nation was already falling apart. We couldn't handle depression on top of it. John Brown cutting up people, Kansas, etc. The North is hit the hardest. Much worse for them than the south since thats where the industry is. King Cotton for the south. Cotton was 60% of exports. The south was doing fine, so they believed the southern economy was better than the north. The south thinks since their fine theri economic situation much be better, but it wasn't even close to northern economy. Cities were becoming too crowded. They decided to give away free or cheap lands in the territories to alleviate the depression. Problem: Two groups don't like this. Northern industrialists because they would lose workers, to retain workers you'd have to raise wages. The south doesn't want this too because the land out west would be up to 160 acres and the south thought that would be small farms and would be too small for slavery, so it would bring free soilers to the territories giving the north more power and less slavery. Congress passed the Homestead Act of 1860. Opens land for 25 cents an acre. President Bucannon vetoes it. On top of all this: repubs figured the real reason for the panic and claim it was the tariff of 1857 since it lowered tariff rates 20%, less protective. The tariff was passed several months before the crash. Makes the tariff now another issue for 1860. Repubs now stand for no slavery in territories, free or cheap land and for a highe protecticve tariff.

panic of 1857

He was extremely influential, one of the most successful. He accomplished a lot of things he wanted, a positive 4 point program for the United states. He did them all in one term. His four point program: Lower the tariff, he saw too many protective tariffs since the war of 1812. It hurt the south and cotton trade, and consumer items were too expensive. It protects industries. He doesn't like that so he turns to RObert Walker, the treasury guy. He wants to go back to the revenue tariffs. Walker created the &**&&(*(&&or the (*)(*()*)()(* Lowers rates from 32 to 25 and also creates revenue. So, the south loves this and promotes it, while the whigs hate that. They try to block it, but Polk wins, angering whigs, but it was passed through a tight vote, and helped the economy greatly. Helps the economy boom, from bust to boom.

part 1 of fpp, tariff of 1846/walker tariff

free soil goverment in kansas

topeka

Northerners, new young politicians who don't care about the union, and want to stop the spread of slvaery.

young guard

President Fillmore feels he has to uphold it. He sends the mariners in to uphold the law, so it was chaos. No era of good feelings. Just delaying the fact.

-s of CO50

our relationship with Latin America is getting hit. At first they looked up to us, we passed the Monroe doctrine, etc. We were about liberty and accepted them. Then we violated our own Monroe Doctrine, we were attacking weaker countries, and they referred to us as the "Colossus of the North" , the giant of the north, greedy bully. Second, the war brings slavery issue back into politics since we have new territory. Will it be free or slave? During the war abolosinmeists were creating a theory that the slaveocrats were trying to expand slavery by going to war. In 1846 when the war began, a rep from PA, Davis WIlmot, created the Wilmot Proviso. Which was an amendment (proviso, provision) to the spending bill, saying slavery should never exist in any territory taken from Mexico." He puts it in a bill. When it's put through to the house, it was passed twice. In the senate it got blocked by the equal amount from southerners. It never becomes law. It's significant because it shows how split we were, sectionalism was back. North against slavery, south for slavery. Some opening shots of the civil war were in the Mexican war. Ralph Waldo Emmerson said "Mexico will poison us and Santa Anna will have his revenge." The revenge would be civil war. His protege, David Thoru, writes civil disobedience, he goes to jail rather than pay taxes to a country that promotes slavery and imperialism.

-s out of ma war

WHH. Old Tippecanoe. When they have the inauguration, droves and droves of people come to DC. He was the first whig president. The hard ciderites came to DC looking for spoils. Essentially since 1800 there was only one party. The whigs are now in control. We don't know if he would do that, since he died. WHH for a long time was the oldest president, at 68 years. He held it until 1981. (Ronald Reagan) then Trump, and Biden. Since he was older, there weren't many expectations for him, and the whigs viewed him as a figure head, like the royal family in England today, they have no legitimate power. The symbol of the whig party. Two major individuals pulling strings, Secretary of state: Daniel Webster, for the executive, and the leader of the senate, Henry Clay. They really run the government or so they thought. WHH had no intention of this. He wanted to prove to the people how strong he was, so he wrote a super long speech, didn't wear a coat or hat, and it was a cold, rainy, dark day. ALmost a 2 hour long, the longest ever. He didn't want to be pushed aside. BY standing in the rain, he got a cold, and from that he got pneumonia. He was bed ridden his entire presidency, and then he died of his illness in a month. Shortest ever. The founding fathers had no presidential succession, so they had no idea what to do. Congress decides on the VP, John Tyler. Establishes presidential succession, and he doesn't have a VP now. One other problem, he wasn't really a whig. He is a Jefferson states rights democrat. He was only a whig because he hated jackson from the nullification crisis. A democrat in whigs clothing. Although he is a whig, at heart he's a demmie. Some people call him "His accidency" but he was now the president. HC was going nuts. He was going to get the AS passed. He has to convince JT to go along with the nationlistic problem. JT keeps the WHH cabinet.

1840 election

4th, since we annexed Texas that wasn't part of the program, but he wanted California. He wanted it for manifest destiny and the real reason was because he wanted to trade in Asia since we were producing new goods, so we don't have an oversupply. Asia has millions of people. San Fran Bay was the gateway to the Orient, plus, Polk thinks it will be easy since it was lightly populated, with 13k mexicans. 75k natives. 1000 others. Polk at first tries peacefully, wanting to buy it from Mexico, he doesn't want war at first. However, out relationship with Mexico was trashed after the annexation of Texas, because they felt like we stole texas from them, and we saw Texas all the way to the Rio Grande, while they only saw it to the Nueces River. Second, Americans were suing the Mexican government for 3 mil in damage claims, during the Texas revolution and after they destroyed their property. They didn't have 3 million, so they defaulted on their payments. They still feel like Texas is theirs. They own it all. Polk wanted to talk to their ambassador in DC, but the Mexican government recalled them. Polk wanted Cali so badly since there were rumors that the British wanted Cali and he wanted it first. He sends John Slidell down to Mexico City to purchase Ca for up to 25 million and any land easts of Cali. Mexico was poor, since they were in a state of disarray, general paredes, the new dictator. They needed money, but when Slidell gets down there, Paredes refuses to meet with him. Slidell has to go back and tell Polk he couldn't even get it. JKP was pissed. He needed california. He tried to be nice. He will do anything in his power to get Texas and the southwest

4th point of fpp

It gets bad when the ^&^&*. Happens in the Aroostook river valley. The fighting was the Maine state militia, maineiacs, takes on lumberjacks in Canada. The lumberjacks were cutting down the trees to prepare for the road. There was some fighting but not much. The little fight though, could escalate in war.

Aroostook War

Declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; this political act was part of a larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico.

Bear Flag Republic

Northern Cali. The man was Captain John C. Fremont. Before he was an army member, he was the pathfinder of the West. He drew maps where he went there. He knew all the areas all over the west. Near the Monterey Peninsula near Sacramento, and the starts &*(*&(. He was victorious and declared Cali to be the Bear Flag republic. He did have help from the Navy. Established june of 1846. It was super easy to get Cali

Bear Flag Revolt, prong b, 1

The New Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Bloodhound Bill/Man Stealing Law

Senate Sumner, from MA. He's a leading abloshinsts in congress and believes in equal rights. He was irate about the KN Act. He wants Kansas to be free, so he prepares the Crime Against kansas, and performs it in front of congress. He gives logical points, but then he started going after people, Douglas, President Pierce, and really attacks Senator Andrew Butler, SC. problem: Sumner was not well liked unlike Butler. Worse, Butler wasn't even president. He goes crazy, saying he was having an affair with slavery, bullying this guy. Problem: Butler's nephew, Preston Brooks in the house and heard about the speech. Southerns are very protective of their kin. Thus, two days after on May 22nd 1856, Brooks comes into the senate carrying a cane, Sumner sitting at his desk, Brooks starts smashing him, breaking the cane. Sumner unconscious in a pool of blood on the senate floor. He walks out leaving him. The other senators were so shocked they did nothing. The aftermath: Preston Brooks resigns. He will run for reelection in november and won in a landslide in SC, and received a lot of canes in the mail. Go after all the northerns. He got some worth thousands. Sumner left the country for 3 and a half years. He goes to Europe to seek mental help. He probably had PTSD. When he returned, MA kept his seat for him. Early on he'd walk into rooms with his back to the wall. Although he was a jerk, he became a leading voice for black rights. Most of his speech besides the attacks was great. Republicans published it in newspapers. Republicans start saying if this is the way the southerns treat congressmen, imagine how they treat their slaves.

Caning of sumner

Texas came into union

JKP

Pearl of the Antilles

Cuba

***case. March 6th, 1857. Two days into JB's presidency. Whatever the supreme court rules was accepted on slavery descions. Dred Scott was a slave, owned by Dr. John emmerson, an army surgeon. He would travel> he lived in St. Louis. He would go around to different bases inclkuding IL and WI. FOr 5 years he took Scott in free states, and he even got married and had kids. After 5 years when he comes back to St. Louis, maybe abloshinsts pay him to sue for his freedom since he lived in free territory for many years. Problem: 7/9 justices were southerners. The chief justice, Roger b. Taney, was 80 former slave owner. This was NOt true justice. 1. Scott isn't a citizen, and can't sue in teh first place, similar to the Cherokee. Taney continued, making the final decision on slavery. Since Scott is private property, he can be taken anywhere like a horse. 3. The fifth amendment protects private poetry rights, and congress can't deny you your private property. Due process us when they can be taken away. 4, the MO compromise was never legal in the first place, since congress can't do it over an imimagiry line, and that means the Northwest Ordinance shouldn't exist either.

Dred Scott v Sandford

Who found gold first in Cali gold rush

James Marshall

Young Hickory of the Granite Hills

Franklin Pierce

"Free soil, free speech, free labor, and free men"

Free soil party, 1848

We needed a safe way to travel across the US. Slavery becomes apart of this because the nation argues if the railroad would be in the north or the south because whoever gets it would gain a bigger population, more power, and money. Southerners were already being steamrolled by north industrialization. Davis wanted it bad. He appoints a southerner railroad executive, James Gadsden to go to Mexico to try and purchase land for a southern railroad. Gadsden negotiated with Santa Anna, in power for the 6th and final time. He sells the Gadsden purchase. 29k square miles. ****, 1853, for 10 mil. It was south of the mountains, south of the grand canyon, so it was safe. Easy to build. It would go through the NM territory, also, it didn't run into a bunch of bison as a northern one would, and wouldn't run into the Rockies, natives, etc. Southerners had a better argument. The Gadsden Purchase was the final piece of the continental piece of US, since Jamestown. The south prepared for a southern line

Gadsden Purchase

immortal trio or great triumvirate

HC, JCC, and Webster

Author of Civil Disobedience

Henry David Thoreau

Congress passed the******. Opens land for 25 cents an acre. President Bucannon vetoes it. On top of all this: repubs figured the real reason for the panic and claim it was the tariff of 1857 since it lowered tariff rates 20%, less protective. The tariff was passed several months before the crash. Makes the tariff now another issue for 1860. Repubs now stand for no slavery in territories, free or cheap land and for a highe protecticve tariff.

Homestead Act of 1860

Mexican American War is also known as

Jimmy Polk's war

"His accidency"

John Tyler

Who annexed Texas?

John Tyler

Stephen Douglas didn't want the southern line. He's a demmie. He wanted power and control, and to be the new HC and president. He figures if he could build a north railroad that the south would also like. He also wanted the hub to be in Chicago. It would bring so much power to Chicago so he'd be a god in IL politics. If the south goes along, he could win the presidency. Also, he had tons of railroad stocks and land, to be more wealthy. He promoted the ****8 . He forms the Nebraska territory into two territories, now Kansas in the south. Pierce might not sign it, gives a private meeting and Douglas threaded for Pierce to sign the bill, so Pierce signs it into law. LOts of debate in congress, and they came to congress bringing guns and knives in case fights broke out. Douglas killed the MO compromise because of his own greed. The Judice of the North. He was very popular in IL though, they loved popular sovereignty. He is a god in IL, but his future presidential run takes a hit. The rest of the North hates it

Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854

A secret diplomatic message to our Spanish minister to Ostend belgium. It said to offer Spain up to 120 mil for Cuba. Pierce and Marcy said if Spain doesn't accept they'll take it by force.

Ostend Manifesto

Once the treaty was signed, it had to be ratified the treaty by ⅔ vote in the senate. It was heavily debated by extremists on both sides of the slavery issue. On one side, whigs and abloshinets. They said it was too much slavery. On the other, manifest destiny, southern democrats who said it doesn go far enough. Southern democrats wanted all of Mexico. So cooler heads said that it would be too hard to get all of Mexico, and then it was ratified. They did it quickly since the Mexican government was very unstable. Polk successfully carried out the fourth point.

Polk one of most successful

Dem from TN. He was the first president with a mullet. He was one of the hardest working presidents in US history, working 20 hour days constientul, especially during the Mexican war. He was too serious and hates to delegate authority, stubborn, and wants to dictate everything. Every step of the war. He micromanages everything and he works himself to death. He was extremely influential, one of the most successful. He accomplished a lot of things he wanted, a positive 4 point program for the United states. He did them all in one term. His four point program: Lower the tariff, he saw too many protective tariffs since the war of 1812. It hurt the south and cotton trade, and consumer items were too expensive. It protects industries. He doesn't like that so he turns to RObert Walker, the treasury guy. He wants to go back to the revenue tariffs. Walker created the tariff of 1846, called the Walker Tariff. Lowers rates from 32 to 25 and also creates revenue. So, the south loves this and promotes it, while the whigs hate that. They try to block it, but Polk wins, angering whigs, but it was passed through a tight vote, and helped the economy greatly. Helps the economy boom, from bust to boom. It might have been better if he didn't do his second point. He wants to restore the Independent Treasury Bill back. The money in vaults and not in banks. He was able to squeeze it through congress. He goes against the tide. Third, he wanted to settle the Oregon dispute. Once and for all. It was a difficult topic, since we were already in the Mexican war for one month. Polk wants to compromise with GB. It upsets whigs since they already were fighting for the south and slavery but not for the north and freedom. The reason we were actually willing to go against Texas was because Mexico was a weak country, while GB is an empire. We send in a diplomat, which creates the Bucahana-Packinham treaty of 1846 or the Oregon Treaty of 1846. It extends the treaty line from the convention of 1818 to 49 degrees north latitude, from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The brits were willing to do this because no brits were moving out there, so they felt it was a good deal. Americans were coming out in droves, while BC weren't. The brits also felt like the Hudson Bay Company had fured out the furs there. Solves issues with GB. Solved it peacefully. 4th, since we annexed Texas that wasn't part of the program, but he wanted California. He wanted it for manifest destiny and the real reason was because he wanted to trade in Asia since we were producing new goods, so we don't have an oversupply. Asia has millions of people. San Fran Bay was the gateway to the Orient, plus, Polk thinks it will be easy since it was lightly populated, with 13k mexicans. 75k natives. 1000 others. Polk at first tries peacefully, wanting to buy it from Mexico, he doesn't want war at first. However, out relationship with Mexico was trashed after the annexation of Texas, because they felt like we stole texas from them, and we saw Texas all the way to the Rio Grande, while they only saw it to the Nueces River. Second, Americans were suing the Mexican government for 3 mil in damage claims, during the Texas revolution and after they destroyed their property. They didn't have 3 million, so they defaulted on their payments. They still feel like Texas is theirs. They own it all. Polk wanted to talk to their ambassador in DC, but the Mexican government recalled them. Polk wanted Cali so badly since there were rumors that the British wanted Cali and he wanted it first. He sends John Slidell down to Mexico City to purchase Ca for up to 25 million and any land easts of Cali. Mexico was poor, since they were in a state of disarray, general paredes, the new dictator. They needed money, but when Slidell gets down there, Paredes refuses to meet with him. Slidell has to go back and tell Polk he couldn't even get it. JKP was pissed. He needed california. He tried to be nice. He will do anything in his power to get Texas and the southwest

Polk presidency

Fredrick Douglas even thought he was crazy. He goes to Kansas, angry that Lawrence burned. He goes to Pottawatomie Creek. He and a bunch of his sons and friends surround 5 men they think are responsible for destroying Lawrence. They take out long swords and chopped the men up into pieces. In May of 1856. The PC massacre. After he and his men do this, John Brown goes into hiding, but the consequences are huge.

Pottawatomie Creek Massacre

Jimmy Polk's War and was heavily attacked by anti-slavery gorups. Frederick Douglas was an outspoken critic, WIllian Lloyd Garrison, Emmerson, Thro, etc. Even JQA. The most famous, a first term congressman, from IL. Abe Lincoln. He puts forth his **(*&&&. He was a whig. In his (**(*( he wants to know the precise spot where American blood was shed on American soil. AL calls him out. AL made a little national name for himself. However it backfires. He was only a single term congressman because it seemed that Lincoln didn't want American manifest destiny. "Spotty Lincoln" and then he becomes a lawyer again. At first, everyone bought the claim. As the dug in they became suspicious. Polk was in the wrong though.

Spot Resolutions

Abe Lincoln (nicknamke)

Spotty Lincoln

little giant

Stephen Douglas

He shocks southerns. He was a VA and lived in LA and owned slaves. He said the Cali had every right to chose for itself free or slave. They can be free if they want. He saw it clearly. He told congress if they were going to send him a compromise he'd veto it. Now everything looks bogged down. To make things more exciting, Taylor was irate with Texas. How dare they seize a federal territory, and commit treason. He pulls a Jackson, was going to get the army and would hang them. That being said he said he's going to start with his SOL (son in law), the guy behind the cession talk. From MS (senator), Jefferson Davis. The future president of the confederacy. Being a general they see cut in dry. However, this all changed on July 4th of 1850. There was a ceremony (independence day) for celebrating the new Washington Monument. You can't have a building taller than the WM. Taylor went since it was a nice day. Goes back to the White House. He finds some milk and cherries and eats them all and drinks it all. The cherries and milk contracted microorganisms, and he got cholera. Similar to dysentery. He died. Never run for president as a whig. The good thing was his VP, Millard Fillmore, the 13th president, was pro-compromise. He also said to make sure they conceded to the south. Compromise could pass now. The fire eaters double down. The extreme fire eaters have the Nashville Convention, and opposed compromise. They condemned the compromise efforts and promoted pro slavery ideas. Luckily, they were in the majority of southerners. Still more unionists, so they decided to work with congress and pass the Compromise of 1850. When the compromise is passed, people feel there will be a second era of good feelings, and slavery would be over, etc. That's not at how things turn out

Taylor's opinion/demise

Number 1 foreign policy issue in Jt's presidency?

Texas

130 slaves trasnported from VA to LA. Slave trade was ended, but interal was fine. The slaves muttanty, and take control of the ship, and they sail down to the Bahamas which was British territory. GB offers them asylum. Southerners go crazy. They weren't citizens or refugees, and were property. GB doesn't listen.

The "Creole" Affair

He battles his way all the way to Mexico City where he lays siege to it and its super fortress, &*(**( it was a super fortress and we sieged it

The Battle Chapultepec

Second, ****, written by Hinton Helper. 1857. It's significant because he was a non aristocratic southerner. He was a southerner who didn't own slaves. From NC. Who in his book, proved statistically how white non s;ave holding southerns are the one hurt the most by slavery. They can never move up the economic latter. He had to find a northern publisher since his book would be burned by southern elites. It breaks another stereotype, thay not all southerns supported slavery. Northern republicans used it for their campaign.

The Impending Crisis of the South

third party in election of 1844?

The Liberty Party

That's when Kansas goes to chaos. Warfare erupts, Lawrence, a free soil town was sacked. **. Pro slavery groups shot and burned the town. Civil war in Kansas begins

The Sack of Lawrence

February 2nd, 1848, Negotiated by Trist. Terms: US gets all of Texas down to Rio Grande. Two: We get the Mexican cession. That's the land of California and southwestern US. In return, we pay Mexico 15 million. And, the US will assume the damage claims given to Mexico, the 3.25 mil, the US government will. 4, all Mexicans living in any of the territories will instantly become US citizens. About 80k people, now Mexican Americans. The downside being they weren't treated equally

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The first stepping stone is Japan. Open up Japan because it was very isolotationic. They don't like outside influence. In the 1850s they opened up because they were threatened by the growing Russian empire. Japan could be under attack and might need allies which is perfect timing for the US looking for allies in the Pacific. Commodore Matthew Perry heads over and impresses the Japanese with our ships, since we were using steam. They really wanted to become industrial after that. Therefore, we sign the &(** .March 1854. Opens 2 ports for US trade and gives us the Most Favored Nation status which means no other foreign country could get a better deal than us. We have partially opened up Japan.

Treaty of Kanagawa

Democrats feel like they have a mandate to take as much land as possible. Also, motivates John Tyler, the lame duck president. after 4 months, they moved it up to January. John Tyler wants a legacy, he didn't have one. In his last 4 months, he wanted to annex Texas. The only way to annex Texas would be through a treaty with a ⅔ vote in senate which he can't get. However, the president can require a different kind of vote, a joint resolution. All you needed was a majority in both houses. Much easier than ⅔. 3 days before he leaves office, the United States annexed Texas, becoming a state. A very large and powerful southern state. They still try to continue to balance north and south states. However, Polk was the reason we got Texas. It was because he won, but Tyler technically did it. Mexico doesn't accept this.

Tyler annexes Texas

Harriet Beacher Stow, ****. She wrote it not because of the KN act, but in response to the fugitive slave act. Her goal was to wake up the north to evils of slavery, how inhumane it was. Problem: SHe was writing the novel about the deep south, while not living there. It's fictional. But she humaized slaves for the first time in American history. They see them as human beings. Their pain is your pain. It became a bestseller, maybe 2nd to the bible worldwide. Not only in the US but overseas. Europe. It;is significant because those countries don't support the confederacy, so they won't allow their government to side with them. When Lincoln met her he said her book had a lot of influence. It was negative in the south. They banned it and burned it because they claimed she didn't know anything about slavery, etc

Uncle Tom's Cabin

Lord Ashburton, informal. He was a wealthy lord and recently married an American. He meets with Daniel Webster. They came up with the First, the territorial dispute.US receives 7k square miles and the brits get 5k, but the 5k they receive is where they want the road. Britain loved this. We also got an apology from the Caroline Affair. They also apologize for the Croele Affair, adn promise not to get involved in the future with slavery, however, since many people were illegally trading slaves, the Brits and Americans agree to patrol the west coast of africa to prevent the illegal smuggling of slaves. One other thing, The Mesabi Iron Ore region of MN was transferred to the United States, about 650,00 square miles of land. Its important because that region is very wealthy with resources, mineral wealth, and to this very day there's still companies that use the region. 3M. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing. It's very valuable. Effect: the anger between US and GB went away

Webster-Ashburton treaty (of 1842)

The leader of the young guard was a freshman senator from NY, ***)***(. Takes a stand against compromise, wanting to end slavery. Theres a more important law than the constituion, he appeals to God's law and God wouldn't approve of slavery. God's never wrong: used as propaganda. Run by the law of the constitution, therefore the south isn't "wrong." Under the tenth amendment they can still have slavery if they chose. The debate over Cali.

William Seward

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Wilmot Proviso

Old Fuss and Feathers

Winfield Scott

Old Rough and Ready/Hero of Buena Vista

Zachary Taylor

Polk prepares for a showdown with Mexico. He tells General Zachary Taylor to take 4k troops and cross the Nueces river and take them down to the Rio Grande. Polk was secretly hoping that Mexican troops would feel like they would be on Mexican territory, so they'd fire at them, and it would be on American soil. On Jan 13. Then he waits. He thought the Mexicans would attack immediately. He becomes so frustrated because now its May and he orders his cabinet to meet. He tells them on May 9th of 46 to ask Congress to declare war on mexico. The cabinet was like how are you going to convince them. He said because they owed us money, not receiving a foreign diplomat. They advised him against it. He was angry, but then he got the message that same night, that weeks before, April 25th, Mexican troops did cross the Rio Grande and fired on Taylors command center and 16 American casualties. Polk can now claim AMerican blood has been shed on American soil. He sends that to the US congress, asking for war. Congress debated it for four days, and thus, a very patrioic congress on May 12th, overwhelmingly vote for war. 174-14 in house and 40-2 in the senate. At first the war was popular, even anti-slavery whigs. Key: After people start questioning the story, they become suspicious of Polk and turn on him. Whigs and anti-slavery people critzine him. Jimmy Polk's War and was heavily attacked by anti-slavery gorups. Frederick Douglas was an outspoken critic, WIllian Lloyd Garrison, Emmerson, Thro, etc. Even JQA. The most famous, a first term congressman, from IL. Abe Lincoln. He puts forth his Spot Resolutions. He was a whig. In his Spot Resolutions he wants to know the precise spot where American blood was shed on American soil. AL calls him out. AL made a little national name for himself. However it backfires. He was only a single term congressman because it seemed that Lincoln didn't want American manifest destiny. "Spotty Lincoln" and then he becomes a lawyer again. At first, everyone bought the claim. As the dug in they became suspicious. Polk was in the wrong though.

beginning of Mexican-American war

Kansas, opened up in May of 1854 for settlement. It was a motley crew of people, the one group were regular homesteaders, kinda got screwed over. Little house on the prairie. They were caught in the middle of a covil war between northerners and southerners. Kansas could be slave and free, but a bunch of northerns move into Kansas finaced by wealthy abloshints. The New England Emigrant Aid Company. 2000 free soilers into Kansas to try to steal their election. They carried Beecher's Bibles. They were carrying Breech loading rifles. Sharps rifles. The money was raised by Henry Ward Beecher, a reverend in Brooklyn, NY. Brother of Harriet Beecher Stow. Southerns cried foul. Douglas promised Kansas would be slave, so the southerns call them Nebrasasculs. Northerners who were supposed to go to Nebraska. Southerns turn against Douglas. He promised the railroad in the north for slavery in kanasa, so southerns finace southernres to go to Kansas. Before they openly fire. In 1855 Kansas territory has its election for their territorial legislature. When the voting takes place you have a bunch of MOs who come into Kansas, Border Ruffians, to vote early and regularly. To different counties and would vote all day long. By the end of the day, MO became a slave territory. Way more pro-slavery people. They were located at Shawnee Mission. The pro-slavery governemnt in Kansas, based on fraud. It was the official government, based on fraud. This is true fraud, more people who voted than actually lived in the territory. Free soilers created a Free Soil government in topeka KS. An illegitimate government, vigilante. One government and another with no legal standing. Pierce does nothing. He doesn't stop it, and recognized the pro slavery goverenmtn. That's when Kansas goes to chaos. Warfare erupts, Lawrence, a free soil town was sacked. The Sack of Lawrence. Pro slavery groups shot and burned the town. Civil war in Kansas begins. A man in OH reads his newspaper, and he wanted revenge. John Brown. 22 children. Most extreme ablosinst in US history. He took is beliefs to murder. Killed pro-slavery. He was a zealot. He was willing to kill to stop slavery. Fredrick Douglas even thought he was crazy. He goes to Kansas, angry that Lawrence burned. He goes to Pottawatomie Creek. He and a bunch of his sons and friends surround 5 men they think are responsible for destroying Lawrence. They take out long swords and chopped the men up into pieces. In May of 1856. The PC massacre. After he and his men do this, John Brown goes into hiding, but the consequences are huge. Kansas devolves into Bleeding Kansas/Bloody Kansas, civil war. Horace Greeley editor of NY tribute names it. Millions of dollars in damages, lives lost. Farmers caught in the middle. In the mdist, 1857 Kansas has a big enough population and could apply for statehood. They (Shawnee) created the Lecompton COnstitution to apply for statehood. They have to determine through popular sovereignty, so they create the constitution. They vote with or without slavery. If you vote for without slavery, those slave owners in Kansas can keep their slaves. Free Soilers are irate, and then they boycotted the polls. For the illegitimate vote. But that seals the deal, so they apply as a slave state. The new president, Bucannon is all for it. Congress has to approve though. It all comes back to Douglas since he caused this. He decides to do what's right, and gets congress to block the Kansas statehood bill. Kansas remains a territory until 1861. He doesn't approve of fraud pop. sov, he believes in real pop sov. By doing this, he has now killed his future polticial career, south would never vote for him since he blocked Kansas which he said would be slave. His southern support dwindles and he creates a rift in the demmie party. They start breaking into north and south. Dems now mainly south. Bleeding Kansas goes to senate

bleeding kansas

Many historians consider the KN Act the greatest step towards cession and the civil war. Truly separates the North and the south. Hopes for compromise are minimal. Northerns and southenrs become more cruel, and not following laws, even more other states nullify the fugitive slave act. MO compromise is off the books. Split in extremists grow, more fire eaters, and more ablosinits. Difficult to mend the political situation. Even dems, the only real national party, also begins to split. Perfect to lead to the republican party. The new members hate the act, and the republican party formed in Ripon, WI. Its also important because its a mixture of people who did not want slavery to spread into the territories, and it brings Abraham Lincoln into politics. He's a republican now. Many northern dems leave the party to beicme republicans. The free soilers join as well,and some of the No Nothings (American) party. It spreads throughout the north, and it was a purely northern party. It was not in the south (past Mason-Dixon line) Dems was more and more ruled by the south even though it was still national. We are truly diviced, and the 1850s are a sight to behold

effects of KN act

The south loved this ruling, they think its justified and the nation must accept slavery. Screw pop. sov. Stepehen Douglas and pro pop sov people were irate because it takes the power away from the local governments/people. The democratic party splits once again. North=hate south=love. Republican party main goal was to stop slavery in the territories. It destroys the platform. 7-2. The Repub party doesn't accept the ruling, so many northern states want to nullify, and some even think it's just opinion. Northerns now argue for nullification, and southerners saying they can't live in a country where half the people can't follow rules. Madison and Jefferson didn't think nullification was this far. The dred Scott decision was supposed to solve the slavery issue but it blows the top off. Moves the country toward civil war.

effects of dred scott

Whigs were getting slammed for HC being the corrupt bargain. He also made a big political mistake. He tried to be too much of a politician. He tells northerns he won't annex texas cuz slavery, but then he told the south we'd annex texas. He was dueling messages. It takes a lot of voters away from him, pushing voters towards Polk. The entire campaign comes down to NY again. In NY you have a third party running. The Liberty Party, James Bernie, and was an anti-slavery party. (it was only on a few other states' tickets) They would have voted for Clay, but 16,000 of them voted for Bernie. Takes the votes for clay out of play. Clay loses NY by 5000 votes. If there was no third-party, he would have won. Polk wins all 36 from NY 170-105. It also hurts their own point of view. Poor Clay never became president

election of 1844

based on Manifest destiny. (Official came out in 1845) a guy named John L. O'Sullivan. An NY journalist in the US Magazine Democratic Review coined the phrase Manifest Destiny for the first time to explain what we did since Jamestown. God wants us to expand, manifestly destined the American people to control North America from sea to sea since we were God's favorite, and we should spread out religion, culture, our way of life to all the backwards people since we were God's favorite country. The leading piece of propaganda in American history. If God never made a mistake, you weren't wrong to take away lands and would have no guilt. It was rationalizing imperialism, taking away their ways of life. Compare it to the City Upon a Hill. John Winthrop. God's chosen people, the Puritans, spread the way of life, and create an American empire that will bring civilization. Thus, becoming the hegemony of western hemisphere

election of 1844

higs won with WHH and then Tyler wasn't really a whig. They basically were stuck with another democrat. They turned to Henry Clay since he's saved the country multiple times. He was super popular. Leader of the senate, old speaker of the house, etc. The whigs were very confident "Hooray for Clay". Dems: They were a mess going into the campaign. Some people were promoting JCC. Some were saying MVB, but they couldn't agree. They get a surprise candidate.The first Dark Horse candidate (comes from horse racing, never thought they'd have a chance) James K. Polk. They call him Young Hickory. He was Jackson's neighbor from TN. The whigs thought it was fun and started a campaign, Who is James K. Polk. He was completely unknown, he was a 2 term governor of TN and speaker of the house, but they were trying to show the difference between the two. The entire campaign was about manifest destiny. Polk was never wishy-washy. He was the visionary of manifest destiny. He wants a larger us, etc. He was very vocal. He says we will reannex Texas. He thought it was part of the LAP. We should reoccupy Oregon from Lewis and Clark. He wants ALL of Oregon territory. Oregon territory went up to 54 degrees by 40 to 42 degrees minutes north latitude, by Alaska. Not just the American portion. At the convention they chanted "54 or fight, 54 40 or fight" democrats were land mad. Polk agrees with them. The democrat mentality. That was popular in the 1840s

election of 1844

Dems: Couldn't figure who'd run, so at their convention they come up with the second dark horse, former soldier, from NH, Franklin Pierce. The one thing, he was very well liked by both parties. He wasn't super famous, had an okay career, weak, indecisive, Who is Franklin pierce? The dems call him the Young Hickory of the Granite Hills. He didn't have many enemies, and the key HE WAS A PRO SOUTHERN NORTHERNER. He had southern beliefs. Cross sectional lines. Even fire eaters liked him, and that might be why they chose him. Follow all the provisions of the compromise of 1850. Whigs: War hero. The other one was Winfield Scott, old fuss n feathers. They do not renominate Fillmore. Problem with Scott, he was a horrible personality, like a John Adams. Not appealing to the people, still had to appeal to them. He also praises the compromise of 1850. Neither party takes a side on slavery. Problem with whigs, they start to split during the election. The northern concenssion, and southerner cotton whigs . They don't trust Scott, thus, Pierce wins in a landslide, 254-42. 14h president. The split of the whig party was the key to the election. This is the end of the whig party. A lot of AMaericans freak out that northern and southern parties are starting to grow. The whig party didn't really have a presidential legacy. The whigs don't really have a lot to show in the executive. Clay was the leader of the whigs, keeping the union together. Second, Webster. They died during the 1852 campaign. The whig leaders die along their campaign

election of 1852

Dems didn't renomiate Pierce, his presidency was too unpopular and the country and he didn't do anything about Kansas. Dems thought about DOuglas, but Douglas was too convertisial again. He alienated the North for the MO, and Southerns from Kansas. They want to find someone who wasn't involved in Kansas, James Buchanan. They chose him, rich PA lawyer, Polk's secretary of state, and he was our ambassador in GB. He was Kansasless, so he was fine. Enemieless. But, America needed a real leader, and he wasn't. Repubs: Brand new party, and had to chose someone to take the election, everyone thought William Seward, the leader of the young guard. That's why they didn't nominate him though. He took a stand against Kansas, so they had to find someone like a war hero, John C. Fremont. The pathfinder of the west. Drew maps of the trails and established Bear Flag Republic. He just recently became a senator from CA. He was too far away from Kansas. Just non extending slavery. Dems wanted to keep pop. sov. "Free soil, free speech, freemen, and Fremont' and a third party. The name is the American party. Nickname was the No Nothing Party. The AP part was a secret society of ultra-nationalists. They are nativists. They believe in WASP culture. Northwestern european protestants. Nativists hate foreigners. Only "native" americans. They hate catholics. Two groups hate the irish coming into the US in droves, and they are catholics. Irish were coming in because of the potato famine. They also hate the Germans escaping war and poverty. They are anti-foriegn, and how America was started in 1607. "Americans must rule America" their nominee was Millard Filmore. They were called No Nothings because they were a secret society "The password was 'I know nothing" or if people asked about it "I know nothing" They don't have a chance at winning. The election was lots of mudslinging. James Buchanan was being attacked for being gay. We don't know if he was gay or not. He did live with William Rufus king for 6 years, Pierce's VP that died. He was a bachelor, no first lady. When he was elected his niece ran the white house, so they called her the First Lady. Fremont, they go after his mother that she had an affair with a french man, illigamite. They go after him too because he was catholic. A WASP country. It was so controversial at this time (Two catholic presidents in US history, Kennedy and Biden) They don't feel like you'd be running the nation as president, the pope would. He was catholic. Results: James wins making him the 15th. JB: 174- JCF- 114 NN- 8. He won Maryland. JB was a minority president.He got less than half of the popular vote. Also, the threats of the southern fire eaters were bad. They threatened to secede if that "Black Republican Fremont wins" Northern bankers do not want that since it would take millions out of the country. Voted to keep JB to keep the nation together. Fremont could claim a vicious loss, he lost the entire south, but they won 11/16 free states, a very good showing for a first time party. JB is president, and doesn't get a presidential honeymoon, two days in, Supreme COurt drops the Dred Scott v Sandford case. March 6th, 1857. Two days into JB's presidency. Whatever the supreme court rules was accepted on slavery descions. Dred Scott was a slave, owned by Dr. John emmerson, an army surgeon. He would travel> he lived in St. Louis. He would go around to different bases inclkuding IL and WI. FOr 5 years he took Scott in free states, and he even got married and had kids. After 5 years when he comes back to St. Louis, maybe abloshinsts pay him to sue for his freedom since he lived in free territory for many years. Problem: 7/9 justices were southerners. The chief justice, Roger b. Taney, was 80 former slave owner. This was NOt true justice. 1. Scott isn't a citizen, and can't sue in teh first place, similar to the Cherokee. Taney continued, making the final decision on slavery. Since Scott is private property, he can be taken anywhere like a horse. 3. The fifth amendment protects private poetry rights, and congress can't deny you your private property. Due process us when they can be taken away. 4, the MO compromise was never legal in the first place, since congress can't do it over an imimagiry line, and that means the Northwest Ordinance shouldn't exist either.

election of 1856

third party in 1848

free soil

Manifest destiny and its legacy: 1840. Dominated by territorial expansion. As much land as humanly possible. Expansionism, aka manifest destiny. Wanted to establish us the the heggimone, and wanted to live up to the Monroe doctrine. From sea to shining sea. Oregon trail, Mexican american war, leads Americans out west. Problem: Natives and foreign affairs. Leads to an increase of war.

goals of the 1840s

HC pushes the AS. He starts with financial reform. Panic of 1837, and was still ongoing. He wanted to end the panic. So he wanted the bank. He passes a bill through congress to end the independent treasury bill. We needed money in circulation. To everyone's surprise, JT signed it. The next bill, Clay calls for a fiscal bank, a third BUS. JT vetoed that one. He doesn't want a national bank. He felt the bank was unconstitutional. John Marshall was rolling in his grave. HC wanted the bank for his system, and tried to trick him. He writes a new bill, where he creates fiscal cooperation. They liked capitalism, so maybe they will like that. JT vetoed it. He blocked the American system and HCs financial reform. The democrats were very happy with that. The whigs and higher ups, Americans because now nothing happened. They wanted change in the government, and condemned him, hang effigies. He also received death threats. It gets worse and worse. A caucus of whig congressmen formally expelled JT from the whig party. Then, they try to impeach him. It didn't work. Next, his entire cabinet resigned, except Webster. He was too busy negotiating with Britain. He leaves later. It leaves JT alone. No VP, no cabinet, and was kicked out. The president without a party. Domestically, we are in chaos. Next step, HC tried finical reform, next, a tariff. He now passes tariffs in congress, which JT vetoes. He's a southerner. He was going to use the money from tariff and use it for internal improvements, but the states rights guys didn't like it. They finally have to compromise on the tariff of 1842. Raises the tariff up 7%, 25-32%. No revenue can be used for intrastate improvements. We were starting to come out of the panic, so we wanted to protect American industries.

jt domestic policy

from time to time, Americans remember we didn't get along with the bris, Anti-Anglo sentiment pops up. It happens in the 1840s. It happens from travel books. British travelers would tour the US and then right travel guides. They bash the Untied States, and specifically the south. Slave auctions, lynchings, racism, hillbillies, etc. Americans were outraged, especially the south. So we have a third war with England, a war of words. So American journalists attack Britain. The War of the Quartleys. Magazines came out every quarter so 4 times a year. British editors v American editors. Another reason: We didn't pay londs, debts, and bonds back. We took out loans from a British bank, but because of the panic we couldn't pay them. Another problem, in 1837, (yes 37) the Canadian insurrection, during MVB presidency. A small group of Canadians rebel against the british. Like a SOL. They cause chaos and many Americans support them with supplies, weapons, and some volunteered w=even though MVB said we were neutral. GB was like WTF. They want to make an example, and they find the "Caroline", a steam ship would secretly smuggle goods through the St. lawrence Seaway. The brits find out, and they wanted to end the ship. So, a bunch of british officers set it on fire and sent it over Niagara falls, but an American was onboard, which could lead to something. The ship was on American soil, so Americans were irate and wanted war. Even MVB said you guys have to apologize for the incident, they even knite the guy in charge of the burning. For about 2 ½ years we argued. In 1840 things get weird. A Canadian sheriff, McCloud that was in NY, and was in a bar and drank. He started telling people he was the one who set the ship on fire. Super drink, and he was in a NY bar, BAD IDEA. So he was arrested for murder. He went on trial in NY, but the british governemtn said if they convicted him of murder, it was an act of war. Luckily, the NY jury finds him not guilty in 20 minutes. He was not in the party. Shows downturn in relations. Last, The "Creole" Affair. 130 slaves trasnported from VA to LA. Slave trade was ended, but interal was fine. The slaves muttanty, and take control of the ship, and they sail down to the Bahamas which was British territory. GB offers them asylum. Southerners go crazy. They weren't citizens or refugees, and were property. GB doesn't listen.

jt foreign policy

Maine Boundary Dispute/Battle of the Maps. Early 1840s, brits wanted to build a military road from Quebec (Montreal) from Halifax, Nova Scotia. problem> the road goes through Maine according to America. They claim it was Canadian territory. They bring out maps and all. It is disputed now, about 12,000 square miles. It gets bad when the Aroostook War. Happens in the Aroostook river valley. The fighting was the Maine state militia, maineiacs, takes on lumberjacks in Canada. The lumberjacks were cutting down the trees to prepare for the road. There was some fighting but not much. The little fight though, could escalate in war. Neither side wants war. Negotiations were very cordial, adn the Brits used Lord Ashburton, informal. He was a wealthy lord and recently married an American. He meets with Daniel Webster. They came up with the Webster-Ashburton treaty of 1842. First, the territorial dispute.US receives 7k square miles and the brits get 5k, but the 5k they receive is where they want the road. Britain loved this. We also got an apology from the Caroline Affair. They also apologize for the Croele Affair, adn promise not to get involved in the future with slavery, however, since many people were illegally trading slaves, the Brits and Americans agree to patrol the west coast of africa to prevent the illegal smuggling of slaves. One other thing, The Mesabi Iron Ore region of MN was transferred to the United States, about 650,00 square miles of land. Its important because that region is very wealthy with resources, mineral wealth, and to this very day there's still companies that use the region. 3M. Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing. It's very valuable. Effect: the anger between US and GB went away. It improves following the webster-ashburton treaty.

jt foreign policy 2

Maine state militia

maineiacs

Third, he wanted to settle the Oregon dispute. Once and for all. It was a difficult topic, since we were already in the Mexican war for one month. Polk wants to compromise with GB. It upsets whigs since they already were fighting for the south and slavery but not for the north and freedom. The reason we were actually willing to go against Texas was because Mexico was a weak country, while GB is an empire. We send in a diplomat, which creates the &*(&*&*(*(&. It extends the treaty line from the convention of 1818 to 49 degrees north latitude, from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific Ocean. The brits were willing to do this because no brits were moving out there, so they felt it was a good deal. Americans were coming out in droves, while BC weren't. The brits also felt like the Hudson Bay Company had fured out the furs there. Solves issues with GB. Solved it peacefully

part 3 of fpp, Bucahana-Packinham treaty of 1846/Oregon Treaty of 1846

He wants to restore the Independent Treasury Bill back. The money in vaults and not in banks. He was able to squeeze it through congress. He goes against the tide

part two of fpp

The Caribbean, Cuba. Only 90 miles off the coast of Florida. Close means southerners want it. Had tons of sugar cane, and they already have slavery since it was under the control of Spain.Early on, two fiflibusters expeditions try to take over Cuba, both fail and were killed. They make their own armies. Spain in 1854 in a retort captures The Black Warrior, a steam ship in Cuba. Spain was angry and Pierce had to contemplate war. Instead, he wanted to secretly get Cuba. William marcy and Pierce (marcy- sos) create the Ostend Manifesto. A secret diplomatic message to our Spanish minister to Ostend belgium. It said to offer Spain up to 120 mil for Cuba. Pierce and Marcy said if Spain doesn't accept they'll take it by force. Someone in the state department leaked the secret message, and the news media prints it everywhere. To the north, it looks like another secret plot to expand slavery. They lose their shit. So much pressure on Pierce, he calls it off. The division of our nation and craziness. Adding, Northerners call for Canada. Shows the increase in sectionalism. More internal distress. Everything cirrculates around slavery. Even the Transcontinental railroad

pierce foreign policy

Pierce mainly has southerners in his cabinet. Aggressive southerners. Assertive ppolicy to find more land for slavery. They use the young america movement to get it accomplished. The YA movement was taking manifest destiny and extending it outside the United states. Southerners capitalize on the gods' favorite child. Pierce's secretary of war, Jefferson Davis plays into it majorly, from MS. He wanted as much slave property as possible. They wanted central america at first, key location being Nicaragua. Central American nation. America has its eyes on it along with GB. They wanted a canal through central america. It could cut the time in half from going all the way around. The brits wanted a canal too and it scared us. If they took over Nicaragua it would violate the Monroe Doctrine so we need a treaty, The Clayton-Butler treaty of 1850, neither US or GB can build a canal without the other. They did this in 1850 but in reality they waited 50 years to actually build it. Second, William walker. Walker was filibuster, southern pirate. Trying to capture land to expand slave property. He already tried to get Baja, California but failed so he turned to Nicaragua since they have a weak government. That's how scared southerners were. He went down there, and he was able to capture it. He legalizes slavery as preisdent. Eventually, a coalition of central american countries overthrew him, and imprisoned and was killed by a firing squad in Honduras. In 56. This is how chaotic in the 1850s, that southerns will using their own money to attack forige countries to expand slavery. Pacific. Polk wanted Cali for trade in Asia. Industrial revolution begins. The first stepping stone is Japan. Open up Japan because it was very isolotationic. They don't like outside influence. In the 1850s they opened up because they were threatened by the growing Russian empire. Japan could be under attack and might need allies which is perfect timing for the US looking for allies in the Pacific. Commodore Matthew Perry heads over and impresses the Japanese with our ships, since we were using steam. They really wanted to become industrial after that. Therefore, we sign the Treaty of Kanagawa .March 1854. Opens 2 ports for US trade and gives us the Most Favored Nation status which means no other foreign country could get a better deal than us. We have partially opened up Japan.

pierce foriegn policy

A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.

pop. sov

Mexico city: General Winfield Scott. He was already setting a naval blockade, and he has lots of experience. Trail of Tears guy. The Canadian America Border. Longest running General. 08-61. He monzed the army by the civil war time. They call him Old Fuss and Feathers. He was fussy about his uniform, and would wear hats with bird feathers. You could always spot him. He launches an amphibious attack from New Orleans and establishes a coast along the gulf of Mexico and lands at Veracruz, and had to fight his way to the east coast of Mexico to Mexico city which was almost impossible. It was too mountainous, diseases, and too hot. You were always outnumbered. He battles his way all the way to Mexico City where he lays siege to it and its super fortress, The Battle Chapultepec it was a super fortress and we sieged it. Polk wanted to end the war. The guy he sends to negotiate, Nichlos Trist. Trist was the chief clerk of the state department. To arrange a ceasefire. Anna agrees for 10k. He double crossed again and paid people to continue fighting us. When Polk hears this he recalls Trist and fires him. That's when Trist defies the order, writing a 65 page letter of Polk, saying he was the right guy for the job and they were too unstable. He stays, but as American forces close in, Anna surrenders. When forgein generals heard about this they were shocked Scott did it. We didn't lose at all. They were amazed

prong 3

America goes on the offensive. The first major prong, Cali. A and B. A, we wanted Southern CA. The man in charge was General Stephen Kearny. He tools 1700 men and marched them down the Santa Fe trail and along the way he takes over Santa Fe New Mexico, and he takes San Diego and LA. Once he gets to Cali the Navy helps them as well.

prong A, 1

judice of the north

sad

The South becomes more paranoid, and they don't want slavery to be stolen from them. In 1850 they were in a good position. Taylor was a southerner and owned a large plantation with slaves. His cabinet was mainly southerners, the Supreme Court was majority of Southerners. The equilibrium, they were equal in the senate, but if it went unequal they'd get steam rolled. Mexican cession wasn't great territory for slavery, thus, TX took control of NM and Santa Fe to try to expand slavery. The south was losing its minds. There were rumors that DC was going to ablosish slvaery. They might make an amendment banning slavery. More, they were freaking out about the number of runaway slaves. The North wasn't returning them. Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, North was uspposed to return slaves, but they didn't. Southerners want a stronger FSA, because Northerns started the underground railroad. Secretive movement. You had stations, abolitionist homes, safe houses. Secret rooms, passageways, tunnels, etc. If someone came to raid. The passengers were runaway slaves. They were freed/moved by the conductors. Moved them from place to place to show them which houses to go to. If you were successful you escaped the deep south, and most successfully got to Canada. If you stayed in the North you were still considered a fugitive and could be returned (being property) Harriet Tubman is the most famous conductor. She herself was a runaway from Maryland and risked her freedom going back to the South to free people, she freeded her family and around 300 slaves, Black Moses. Since the south had all the paranoia, they demanded a stronger FSA. They wanted it strict and enforceable. On average the UR would free 1000 slaves a year. Legally, the south was right. They were losing 1000 a year out of 4 million. More slaves were freed through voulntary empanication or through self purchase (like an indentured servant) than the UR. They want the states back and sent out slave catchers.

southern issues, 1850

Lowered duties on imports in response to a high Treasury surplus and pressure from Southern farmers. Less protective, down to the 1812 level

tariff of 1857

1840 is dominated by

territorial expansion and manifest destiny

They want to make an example, and they find the "Caroline", a steam ship would secretly smuggle goods through the St. lawrence Seaway. The brits find out, and they wanted to end the ship. So, a bunch of british officers set it on fire and sent it over Niagara falls, but an American was onboard, which could lead to something. The ship was on American soil, so Americans were irate and wanted war. Even MVB said you guys have to apologize for the incident, they even knite the guy in charge of the burning. For about 2 ½ years we argued. In 1840 things get weird. A Canadian sheriff, McCloud that was in NY, and was in a bar and drank. He started telling people he was the one who set the ship on fire. Super drink, and he was in a NY bar, BAD IDEA. So he was arrested for murder. He went on trial in NY, but the british governemtn said if they convicted him of murder, it was an act of war. Luckily, the NY jury finds him not guilty in 20 minutes. He was not in the party. Shows downturn in relations.

the caroline affair