Chapter 7 Childhood: Settings for Development: Home and School

dyslexia

A learning disorder characterized by reading difficulties, lack of fluency, and poor word recognition that is often genetic in origin.

acculturation

Among immigrants, the tendency to become more similar in terms of attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a new society.

child maltreatment

Any act that seriously endangers a child's physical or emotional well-being. adults who were abused are at higher risk of maltreating their own children.

"g"

Charles Spearman's term for a general intelligence factor that he claimed underlies all cognitive activities.

resilient children

Children who rebound from serious early life traumas to construct successful adult lives. often have special talent adaptable and able to regulate their emotions

Flynn effect

Flynn effect: Remarkable and steady rise in overall performance on IQ tests that has been occurring around the world over the past century. -more yrs of education -modern media

parenting style

In Diana Baumrind's framework, how parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centeredness) and discipline (or structure and rules).

Gardner's multiple intelligences theory

In Howard Gardner's perspective on intelligence, the principle that there are eight separate kinds of intelligence—verbal, mathematical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, naturalist—plus a possible ninth form, called spiritual intelligence.

practical intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in knowing how to act competently in real-world situations. common sense street smarts

creative intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involved in producing novel ideas or innovative work.

analytic intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework on successful intelligence, the facet of intelligence involving performing well on academic-type problems.

Sternberg's successful intelligence

In Robert Sternberg's framework, the optimal form of cognition, involving having a good balance of analytic, creative, and practical intelligence.

validity

In measurement terminology, a basic criterion for a test's accuracy involving whether that measure reflects the real-world quality it is supposed to measure.

reliability

In measurement terminology, a basic criterion of a test's accuracy that scores must be fairly similar when a person takes the test more than once.

permissive parents

In the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centeredness, being extremely loving but providing little discipline.

authoritarian parents

In the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centeredness, stressing unquestioning obedience. do just what I say rules are non negotiable

authoritative parents

In the parenting-styles framework, the best possible child-rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules.

rejecting-neglecting parents

In the parenting-styles framework, the worst child-rearing approach, in which parents provide little discipline and little nurturing or love.

achievement tests

Measures that evaluate a child's knowledge in specific school-related areas. intelligence test is designed to predict a person's general academic potential Achievement tests are administered to groups

intellectual disability/Intellectual Developmental Disorder

Significantly impaired intellectual functioning, defined as when a child (or adult) has an IQ of 70 or below accompanied by evidence of deficits in learning abilities.

intrinsic motivation

The drive to act based on the pleasure of taking that action in itself, not for an external reinforcer or reward.

extrinsic motivation

The drive to take an action because that activity offers external reinforcers such as praise, money, or a good grade.

specific learning disorder

The label for any impairment in language or any deficit related to listening, thinking, speaking, reading, writing, spelling, or understanding mathematics; diagnosed when a score on an intelligence test is much higher than a child's performance on achievement tests.

gifted

The label for superior intellectual functioning characterized by an IQ score of 130 or above, showing that a child ranks in the top 2 percent of his age group.

WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children)

The standard intelligence test used in childhood, consisting of a Verbal Scale (questions for the child to answer), a Performance Scale (materials for the child to manipulate), and a variety of subtests. given individually to a child by a trained psychologist, a process that includes several hours of testing and concludes with a written report. most often taken during elementary school when there are issues in the classroom

corporal punishment

The use of physical force to discipline a child. most U.S. parents do spank their daughters and sons. Corporal punishment is widely accepted in the African American community