Chapter 7: Founding a Nation, 1783—1791

Read the primary source excerpt below from J. Hector St. John de Crèvecoeur's Letters from an American Farmer (1782). Then, select the statements where Crèvecoeur argues that foreigners have come together in the United States to form a new nationality.

- He is an American, who leaving behind him all his ancient prejudices and manners, receives new ones from the new mode of life he has embraced, the new government he obeys, and the new rank he holds. . . . Here individuals of all nations are melted into a new race of men. - From this promiscuous breed, that race now called Americans have arisen.

Read the excerpt from Judith Sargent Murray, "On the Equality of the Sexes" (1790). How does Murray answer the argument that offering education to women will lead them to neglect their "domestic employments"?

A woman, whose life on earth , as with a man's, will lead them to eternity in heaven "contemplating the works of Deity," should also have the opportunity to prepare for this experience with an education.

The election of 1800 caused a constitutional crisis after it resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate. Complete the passage below describing what happened next.

The election of 1800 caused a constitutional crisis after it resulted in a tie between Thomas Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr. The tie sent the final vote to the House of Representatives to be determined. To prevent this occurrence in the future, Congress passed the Twelfth Amendment, which requires electors to cast separate votes for the president and vice president.

During the War of 1812, Tecumseh was a valuable partner of the United States.

false

Not everyone in the country embraced the market revolution. Identify the group of people who felt that its modern, streamlined, and scheduled system interfered with individual actions and growth.

transcendentalists

As a result of the Dorr War, property qualifications for voting were eliminated for native-born black and white men.

true

As the nineteenth century progressed, some southern states enacted laws to prevent the mistreatment of slaves, and their material living conditions improved. Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the improvements.

Compared to slaves in Brazil or the West Indies, American slaves had better diets. This was because the South had abundant food supplies and wild game. The slaves supplemented the food provided by their masters by hunting in the forest and cultivating vegetables themselves.

Which statements describe the laws mandated by the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Correct Answer(s) - It created at least three states out of the Northwest Territory. - It prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest. - It pledged "the utmost good faith" would be observed toward local Indians and that their land would not be taken without consent. Incorrect Answer(s) - The ordinance put the United States on the path to become an imperial power in North America.

Identify the statements that describe the Old South.

Correct Answer(s) In 1860, the South produced less than 10 percent of the nation's manufactured goods. Southern railroads tended to be short lines designed to bring cotton to ports rather than integrate the South into a larger national network. Incorrect Answer(s) Large numbers of immigrants were attracted to settling in the South. There were no industrial centers in the South.

As property qualifications were lifted as a barrier to participating in American democracy, by what new boundaries were the rights of citizens restricted?

Correct Answer(s) race sex Incorrect Answer(s) wealth education

The Louisiana Purchase was a transaction between the United States and France. Identify why France was willing to sell the territory to the United States.

Napoleon Bonaparte needed the money to finance his war in Europe.

Identify how the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794 was similar to the American Revolution.

Pennsylvania farmers were protesting a tax, similar to taxes protested in the Revolution.

The Anti-Federalists were driven by their desire to increase political order.

false

Read the following passage titled The History of the American Revolution (1789) by David Ramsay, a member of the Continental Congress from South Carolina. Select the sections of the passage in which Ramsay argues that the American experiment in government is based upon Enlightenment values of reason, liberty, and "experience."

- In America alone, reason and liberty concurred in the formation of constitutions - In this happy peculiarity they placed the science of politics on a footing with the other sciences, by opening it to improvements from experience, and the discoveries of future ages.

What were the effects of the Constitution? Move the correct answers to the image of the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

- made possible a national economic market by giving congress the power over tariffs, interstate commerce, and coining money, among others - created national political institutions -reduced the power of the states

As more Americans moved westward in the early nineteenth century, a rush to claim land emerged. Identify the methods in which one staked a claim on land in the West by dragging the correct descriptions to the image below.

-Some Americans purchased titles from land speculators.-Some western migrants simply "squatted" on unoccupied land without seeking a clear legal title.-Some Americans headed for the frontier purchased land from the federal government.

The founders are often thought of as a unified group, but they were comprised of men of a wide variety of beliefs about what the role of government should be. Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton, for example, represented ends of the spectrum in regard to the strength of the federal government.Match each of the following descriptors to the correct person.

Alexander Hamilton Correct label:came from humble origins in the West Indies, though he married into a prominent New York family Correct label:argued for a strong central government with the power to encourage and direct commerce Thomas Jefferson Correct label:a member of Virginia's landed, slaveowning elite Correct label:distrusted strong government as hostile to the ideas of liberty

As ratification debates went on, those for and against ratification of the Constitution (Federalists and Anti-Federalists, respectively) coalesced into distinct groups. Match each of the following characteristics to the group it best describes.

Anti-Federalist Correct label:argued for a federal government only strong enough to do its tasks without interfering with state and local initiatives Correct label:represented the interests of the rural farmer and the "common citizen" Federalist Correct label:argued that the country's large size and diversity of interests would be its strength Correct label:represented the interests of merchants and the commercial class Correct label:found support from cosmopolitan areas

The primary source excerpt below is from a letter written by Margaret McCarthy, a young Irish immigrant living in New York City, in 1850. Identify the passage(s) in which McCarthy references the toll the Great Famine disaster of 1845-1851 has taken on her homeland.

Come you all together courageously and bid adieu to that lovely place the land of our birth. . . . But alas I am now told it's the gulf of misery, oppression, degradation and ruin

Identify the statements that describe Jay's Treaty and its outcomes.

Correct Answer(s) - Britain agreed to abandon outposts on the western frontier. - It was the greatest public controversy of Washington's presidency, and it sharpened political divisions in the United States. - The United States guaranteed preferential treatment of British imported goods. Incorrect Answer(s) - Britain agreed to stop the practice of impressment.

Review the following video with author Eric Foner titled "Racial Division Between Slaves and Free Men." Afterward, choose the statement that best summarize the author's argument.

Correct Answer(s) - Following the Revolution, racial difference became the primary argument for the continuation of the practice of slavery. Incorrect Answer(s) - The practice of indentured servitude increased after the Revolution. - Slavery was the primary reason behind the development of racial science in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. - Prior to the Revolution, inequality existed in a number of ways: gender, race, class status, legal status, and so on. After the Revolution, all of these distinctions were eliminated.

The Bill of Rights is a supremely important part of the Constitution. Identify the statements that describe its legacies

Correct Answer(s) - It established the belief that federal power represented the greatest threat to personal freedom. - It established freedom of expression at the very foundation of political democracy. Incorrect Answer(s) - It has mostly been ineffective in ensuring the personal liberties of citizens, despite the universal popularity of the personal liberties called for in its amendments. - It has served as impenetrable protection against violations of American civil liberties throughout history.

Identify the statements that describe African-Americans in the northern states during the early years of the Constitutional Republic

Correct Answer(s) - Many northern states adopted a policy of gradual emancipation. - They could vote in many states. Incorrect Answer(s) - Discussion of abolition in the region was virtually unheard of at this time. - The Constitution forbid individual states from establishing any race-based criteria for citizenship.

The Constitution was a product of its time in that it aimed to deal with many of the questions facing early Americans. Which groups of people are specifically mentioned in the Constitution?

Correct Answer(s) - Native Americans - "other persons" Incorrect Answer(s) - Loyalists - immigrants

The ratification of the Constitution had a tremendous effect on late eighteenth-century America. Identify the statements that describe the long-term consequences.

Correct Answer(s) - Slavery remained deeply entrenched in American life and politics. - It made a domestic economy possible. Incorrect Answer(s) - It increased the powers of the states. - It promoted direct democracy.

Review the following video featuring author Eric Foner. Identify the statements that describe the Bill of Rights.

Correct Answer(s) - The original federal Constitution did not include a Bill of Rights. - The original ten amendments protected the basic rights of citizens, including freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and the right to a jury of peers. - It states that all of the rights not given to the federal government are maintained by the states and people, to ensure the national government did not suppress the rights of citizens. Incorrect Answer(s) - From the moment of ratification, the Bill of Rights was effective in protecting the rights of individual citizens.

Settlers of the frontiers were challenged by the Native Americans already living in those lands. What options did the government see for the future of native tribes in the West?

Correct Answer(s) - They would be forced onto lands farther to the West. - Their assimilation into American society was a long-term possibility. - They would be killed. Incorrect Answer(s) - They were unfit to ever become American citizens.

Identify the statements that describe westward expansion.

Correct Answer(s) - Westward expansion had been happening since the first settlers arrived and moved inland. The West emerged as its own distinct region, with its own culture, different from the South and New England. By supporting the West, politicians gained power. Incorrect Answer(s) It was not until the nineteenth century that Americans began to push westward.

Identify the statements that describe the economic impact of the Panic of 1837.

Correct Answer(s) After 1837, many farmers, due to declining income from decreased demand, could not pay their mortgages and lost their land. By 1842, nine states defaulted on their debts, mostly incurred to finance ambitious infrastructure projects. Incorrect Answer(s) Thousands of urban workers found jobs as the panic over supplies of cotton textiles led to an economic boom in the North. The Panic of 1837 had only a brief influence on the American economy, as farming boomed and lessened its impact.

Slaves developed a distinct version of Christianity that offered solace in the face of hardship and hope for liberation from bondage. Identify the statements that describe the religious life of slaves.

Correct Answer(s) Although it was illegal for slaves to gather without a white person present, every plantation appeared to have its own black preacher who would hold church services exclusively for the slave population. Slave religion was a mix of African tradition and Christian beliefs practiced for the most part in secret. Incorrect Answer(s) Slave religion followed strict Anglican guidelines. The slaves' favorite sermons reminded them that the Bible required servants to obey their masters.

What does this map reveal about the transportation revolution of the early nineteenth century and its effect on travel times?

Correct Answer(s) Between 1800 and 1830, travel time between New York City and Florida decreased by one week. By 1830, a traveler could get anywhere along the Atlantic coast in two weeks or less. Between 1800 and 1830, travel time between New York City and the meeting point of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers decreased by three weeks. Incorrect Answer(s) By 1830, a traveler could get from the Atlantic coast to anywhere in Ohio in six days.

Identify the statements that describe the experiences of free blacks in the nineteenth century.

Correct Answer(s) Blacks faced widespread discrimination and were unable to find work as craftsmen or store clerks. Blacks constructed their schools and churches. Incorrect Answer(s) Blacks benefited from the market revolution and were able to take advantage of new economic opportunities. Many free blacks moved West to take advantage of access to public land.

Identify the statements that describe the relationship between property and voting rights in America.

Correct Answer(s) By 1860, all but one state had ended property requirements for voting. As early as 1829, landless men argued that property owners were not the only ones with the knowledge necessary for democratic participation. Plantation-owning politicians in Virginia resisted demands to end the property-ownership qualification until the 1850s. Incorrect Answer(s) Citizens who did not own land were still not allowed to vote in any state by 1860. Voting in many states across the country was limited to only those who could prove their families had been in America prior to 1776.

Historians estimate that around 1 million slaves were shifted from older slave states into the expanded Lower South between 1800 and 1860. Which of the following are trends that historians associate with this time period?

Correct Answer(s) Cotton became by far the most profitable and important export of the entire United States. State-to-state trading of enslaved persons developed within the United States. Enslaved persons were forced to march across the country in coffles—large groups chained to one another. Incorrect Answer(s) The South established large urban areas as a result of the burgeoning cotton industry. Enslaved persons were imported into the United States through the Port of New Orleans.

Which of the following statements correctly describe the changes from this time period that supported the growth of business?

Correct Answer(s) Courts affirmed employers' authority over the workplace; workers who sought to strike for higher wages were punished. Legal decisions handed down by the courts protected new companies from liabilities. Corporations, or firms that protect their investors from debts, became popular and profitable. Incorrect Answer(s) Courts frequently sided with "the little guy" versus large corporations, especially in relation to environmental damage from factory construction.

Identify the statements that describe William Henry Harrison, the 1840 Whig candidate for president.

Correct Answer(s) Harrison's key accomplishment, like Jackson's, was his military success. Harrison's running mate was John Tyler, former Democrat from Virginia. Harrison did not have an actual political platform. Incorrect Answer(s) Harrison's campaign suffered due to his lack of military experience.

When Thomas Jefferson became president in 1800, he was the first Anti-Federalist to assume the position. Which of the following actions did he take to dismantle the Federalist policies of the Washington and Adams administrations?

Correct Answer(s) He pardoned all of the persons imprisoned under the Sedition Act. He reduced the number of government employees. He abolished all taxes except the tariff. He decreased the size of the army and the navy. Incorrect Answer(s) He made the Adams-appointed John Marshall step down from the Supreme Court. Jefferson increased taxes on whiskey in order to pay off the national debt.

What does this image reveal about the important issues John Quincy Adams supported during his campaign?

Correct Answer(s) It shows the promotion of domestic goods over foreign imports in order to strengthen the young country's economy. It shows that Adams promoted an economy that balanced industry, commerce, and agriculture. Incorrect Answer(s) It supports the outsourcing of industries, such as agriculture and manufacturing, to foreign countries. It reveals the economic dependence on Great Britain and a movement toward reduced tariffs on imports.

Identify the statements that describe the internal borderland along the Ohio River.

Correct Answer(s) It was the boundary between free and slavery societies. Cultural connections, trade connections, and family connections transcended the border. There was more trade between people across the Ohio River than in the most northern parts of their own states. Incorrect Answer(s) The northern side was deeply antislavery, whereas the people on the southern side were proslavery.

Based on your understanding of the Bank War, what does this political cartoon reveal about the conflict?

Correct Answer(s) Jackson and his Democratic allies viewed bankers as evil. Jackson hated bankers for being "non-producers" and for using their resources to influence political outcomes. Incorrect Answer(s) Andrew Jackson is holding an order to increase federal funds deposited in the Second Bank of the United States. Nicholas Biddle is next to Andrew Jackson and taking off his hat in delight at the destruction of the Second Bank of the United States.

Identify the statements that describe the life and career of Andrew Jackson.

Correct Answer(s) Jackson was suspicious of banks and paper money and feared that the market revolution was a source of moral decay. Incorrect Answer(s) Jackson remained humble and poor throughout his life even after achieving fame and political power. Jackson was born into a wealthy Boston merchant family. Jackson firmly believed in the abolition of slavery.

What does it reveal about roads and canals in 1840?

Correct Answer(s) Large portions of the Mississippi, Missouri, and Ohio Rivers could be navigated, allowing trade throughout the most western states. Ohio, New York, and Pennsylvania had a series of canals that allowed goods to be transported throughout the region. By 1840, a network of roads connected the Atlantic coast to the western states, including Indiana. Incorrect Answer(s) The South was largely cut off from the rest of the United States, as there were no roads or navigable rivers in the region.

Identify the statements that describe the Latin American wars of independence

Correct Answer(s) Latin American constitutions were more democratic than the United States Constitution. The Spanish empire in America eventually dissolved into seventeen different nations. Many of the South American revolutions started because of unfair political and economic treatment by European imperial powers. Incorrect Answer(s) The United States went to war with Spain to control Peru during the 1820s. Most of the new Latin American countries underwent a smooth transition from revolution to the establishment of republics.

Identify the statements that describe life before the nationalization of the American market during the market revolution.

Correct Answer(s) Many Americans were tasked with sustaining their own lives since consumer goods and services were not readily available to them. Most Americans lived isolated lives not much different from the lives of their colonial forebears. Cash was not widely distributed throughout the country and was utilized mainly in coastal cities. Many Americans bartered for what they needed. Incorrect Answer(s) Most Americans lived nomadic lives, traveling from town-to-town in search of work. Americans lived only to the east of the Appalachian Mountains; the mountains provided a natural border between Anglo-Americans and native peoples.

Identify the statements that describe the Second Middle Passage.

Correct Answer(s) Many commercial districts in southern cities contained the offices of slave traders, complete with signs reading "Negro Sales" or "Negroes Bought Here." Slave trading within the United States between 1820 and 1860 was a visible, established business. Virginia played a key role in the Second Middle Passage. Incorrect Answer(s) The slave trade between Africa and the United States saw a resurgence, which resulted in more than 2 million slaves making the journey to the new country.

James Monroe's two terms as president are sometimes called the "Era of Good Feelings." Identify the statements below that correctly describe this period.

Correct Answer(s) Monroe was elected almost unanimously and presided over a one-party government. Monroe's presidency is associated with his definition of American foreign policy, called the Monroe Doctrine. The eight years of Monroe's tenure had plenty of strife, only instead of two-party politics, controversies were sectional in nature. Incorrect Answer(s) There were no major conflicts in Congress during Monroe's eight years in the presidency.

According to the textbook, and the video with Dr. Foner, which of the following statements regarding the growth of the Cotton Kingdom are true

Correct Answer(s) Native Americans were forced to cede land in order to provide space for settlement of white planters. The growth of cotton production in the South was tied to commerce in the North, as cotton export involved northern merchants, financiers, and craftspeople. Slavery expanded westward. Incorrect Answer(s) Cotton production became more widespread because the cotton gin made slave labor easier.

What arguments does De Bow make in attempt to demonstrate that the Bible sanctions slavery?

Correct Answer(s) Slavery appears in both the New and Old Testaments of the Bible. If the servant of God, Abraham, had slaves, then slavery is not morally wrong. Incorrect Answer(s) If the kingdom of heaven was created by slaves, then slavery should be legal on God's creation, the earth. Although slavery doesn't appear in the Bible, the Bible doesn't expressly condemn the buying and selling of other beings.

Review the following video with author Eric Foner titled, "The Difference in American Slavery." Then identify which of the following statements are true about what set the American practice of slavery apart from other slave-keeping practices, both ancient and modern.

Correct Answer(s) Slavery in the American South was unique in that it was tied to large-scale agricultural output. Slavery in the American South was unique in that the differentiating factor between free and enslaved people was physical: skin color. Incorrect Answer(s) Slavery in the American South was unique in that it took part in only one specific area of the country. Because American planters required so many slaves to carry out agricultural work, planters implemented less severe practices to keep slaves comfortable and happy.

Identify the obstacles faced by slaves attempting to escape.

Correct Answer(s) Slaves did not receive formal education and as a result they had little or no sense of geography, making it difficult to determine where to go after escaping. Often bonds between family members and friends were enough to deter slaves from leaving the plantation. There were regular slave patrols, law enforcement, and a legal system designed to ensure slaves did not escape from their masters. Incorrect Answer(s) The division between slave states and free states kept moving, partially to make it difficult for enslaved persons to keep track of where to go for freedom.

Identify the states that participated in the slave trade in the years after the ratification of the Constitution.

Correct Answer(s) South Carolina Georgia Incorrect Answer(s) Virginia Pennsylvania

Identify the statements that describe the early labor movement.

Correct Answer(s) The "family wage" was the idea that, as the head of the household, a man should command a wage that would support his whole family. The conviction of twenty New York tailors of "conspiracy for combining to seek higher wages" illustrates that the established order did not accept early bids for workers' rights. Incorrect Answer(s) Workers' protests also included abolitionist claims for the emancipation of enslaved laborers. The fight for fair wages aligned with the Transcendentalist idea that each individual must rely upon himself to advance in the world.

Identify the causes of the economic Panic of 1819.

Correct Answer(s) The Bank of the United States began to collect on loans, but farmers and businessmen could not repay them. Demand for western lands plummeted, bankrupting many speculators. European demand for American farm goods returned to pre-War of 1812 levels. Incorrect Answer(s) Barbary Coast pirates interfered with international trade. There was fear of war with France.

In McCulloch v. Maryland, Marshall declared the Second Bank of the United States a legitimate exercise of congressional authority. What was his argument to legitimize the bank? Correct Answer(s)

Correct Answer(s) The bank was legitimate due to the Constitution's clause that allowed Congress to pass "necessary and proper" laws. The bank was legitimate because the legislation in this case promoted "the general welfare." Incorrect Answer(s) Congress had powers outside of the Constitution, which allows it to issue corporate charters. States have the authority to destroy agencies created by the national government.

What does it reveal about the free black population?

Correct Answer(s) The entire black population in the North was free. The largest number of free blacks remained in the South. Incorrect Answer(s) Although Washington, D.C., was in the South, 100 percent of the black population there was free because it was the nation's capital. The majority of free blacks in the South lived in Virginia.

Which of the following statements describe the effects of the Barbary Wars?

Correct Answer(s) The federal government made a formal statement declaring that the United States was "not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion." Many Americans adopted an attitude of suspicion toward Muslims. The Barbary "pirates" continued to harass American ships. The United States agreed to pay annual payments to Tripoli to ensure peace. Incorrect Answer(s) Jefferson again diminished the size of the navy to prevent such problems from happening again. The United States defined itself as a Christian nation against the stated Islamic practices of Tripoli.

Identify the statements that correctly describe the tariff of 1816 and its context.

Correct Answer(s) The law admitted imported goods that could not be produced in the United States tax-free. The law protected American-made goods by taxing similar goods from abroad. Incorrect Answer(s) Northern merchants supported the law whereas southerners opposed it. The law was inconsistent with the aims of the American System.

The table on the left illustrates how many slaves there were in the antebellum South. The table on the right indicates not population, but the relative proportions of yeoman farmers who owned fewer than twenty slaves per family, and the elite planters who owned more than 100. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the information provided by these tables?

Correct Answer(s) The members of the elite planter class were outnumbered by their slaves on the plantation as well as in society at large. In the year 1850, there were almost ten times as many slaves in the South as there were slaveholders. The elite planter class was a small proportion of antebellum society. Incorrect Answer(s) There were roughly twenty-five slaves per white person in the antebellum South. Most white southerners owned slaves.

Identify the statements that describe the War of 1812.

Correct Answer(s) The war had two fronts: the British in the Atlantic and Great Lakes, and the Indians in the West. It was called the "Second War of Independence" as Americans were fighting once again against the British. The American government had issues financing the conflict. Incorrect Answer(s) The United States suffered a crippling defeat on Lake Erie.

On the eve of the Civil War, nearly half a million free blacks lived in the United States, the majority of them in the South. Identify the statements that describe the restrictions under which free blacks lived.

Correct Answer(s) They could not strike a white person, even in self-defense. They were prohibited from owning dogs, firearms, or liquor. They were not allowed to testify in court against whites. Incorrect Answer(s) They could not marry.

Judith Sargent Murray, a prominent writer from Massachusetts, wrote "On the Equality of the Sexes" in 1790. Read the excerpt below, and then identify the statements that explain Murray's reasoning for providing education for women.

Correct Answer(s) Women will be as reasonable as men when they are given the same opportunities to develop reason. Women who do not receive education feel a "void" when they arrive to adulthood never having learned the same things as their male counterparts. Incorrect Answer(s) Women should be educated because they will surpass men in intelligence when given the opportunity. Women are naturally better at the sciences than men of the same age.

The most widespread expression of hostility to slavery as an institution was "day-to-day resistance" or "silent sabotage." Identify examples of the forms of "day-to-day resistance" that the slaves performed.

Correct Answer(s) breaking tools, doing poor work, abusing animals leaving gates open and removing rails from fences Incorrect Answer(s) refusing to work coordinating rebellions

Identify the statements that describe the American system of manufactures.

Correct Answer(s) introduced the mass production of parts that could be rapidly built into standardized products led to the wide dispersion of mechanical skills throughout northern society Incorrect Answer(s) leveraged slave labor to build specialized products for international trade established a system that privileged skilled craftsmen over the mass production of products

According to the map below, in which of the following regions were slave populations primarily concentrated around 1860?

Correct Answer(s) the South Carolina coast along the Mississippi River Incorrect Answer(s) the Hudson River Valley the Appalachian Mountains

Identify the demands of the early labor movement.

Correct Answer(s) the limit of working hours to ten hours a day the opportunity for free public education the end of imprisonment because of debts owed Incorrect Answer(s) the limit of working hours to fourteen hours a day

Slaveowners employed a variety of means in their attempts to maintain order and discipline among their human property and persuade them to labor productively. Identify the methods used to control slaves and force them to work for their masters.

Correct Answer(s) the threat of sale whipping slaves and other physical punishments prohibiting relations between house servants and field hands to prevent collaboration against the master Incorrect Answer(s) promising the opportunity to purchase their freedom if they work hard

Identify the reasons that farmers in backcountry Pennsylvania staged a rebellion in 1794.

Correct Answer(s) to protest a tax on whiskey to protest unfair taxation similar to the ways in which colonists had resisted unfair taxation from Britain Incorrect Answer(s) to protest the election of George Washington to the presidency to protest the creation of the National Bank, which ignored the financial needs of rural people

In 1810, the Shawnee leader Tecumseh delivered a speech to the Osage tribe in an attempt to rally Indians to unite as one people. In the excerpt below, identify the passage that suggests Tecumseh held a different attitude toward the British than the white men of America.

Our Great Father over the great waters [the king of England] is angry with the white people, our enemies. He will send his brave warriors against them; he will send us rifles, and whatever else we want—he is our friend, and we are his children.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the Articles of Confederation.

The Articles of Confederation sought to strike a balance between the fears of centralized power and the need for national coordination. Although it declared that the government was a permanent union, it operated more like an alliance system.

Identify the contributions of John Deere and Cyrus McCormick to the expansion of the market economy in the United States.

The both created equipment that improved farming production.

Read the following passage from James Winthrop, Anti-Federalist Essay Signed "Agrippa" (1787). It is impossible for one code of laws to suit Georgia and Massachusetts. They must, therefore, legislate for themselves. Yet there is, I believe, not one point of legislation that is not surrendered in the proposed plan. Questions of every kind respecting property are determinable in a continental court, and so are all kinds of criminal causes. The continental legislature has, therefore, a right to make rules in all cases. . . . No rights are reserved to the citizens. . . . This new system is, therefore, a consolidation of all the states into one large mass, however diverse the parts may be of which it is composed. . . .A bill of rights . . . serves to secure the minority against the usurpation and tyranny of the majority. . . . The experience of all mankind has proved the prevalence of a disposition to use power wantonly. It is therefore as necessary to defend an individual against the majority in a republic as against the king in a monarchy. Why does Winthrop believe that a Bill of Rights is essential in the Constitution?

The past has demonstrated that rulers take advantage of the people under their rule, so it is essential that a bill of rights be added to the constitution to protect the individual liberties of the citizens of the united states

Why did the Federalist Party ultimately collapse after the War of 1812?

They appeared unpatriotic, calling for a rewriting of the U.S. constitution.

The election of 1800 caused confusion for Americans when the House of Representatives was tasked with choosing between Thomas Jefferson and his vice-presidential running mate due to a tie. Identify the action taken by Congress in order to avoid this problem in the future.

They passed the 12 amendment requiring separate electors to cast separate votes for president and vice president.

President Washington chose Alexander Hamilton to head the Treasury Department, but Hamilton's ideas for a federal financial plan were disputed by his old Anti-Federalist opponents, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. Match the beliefs below to their appropriate proponent(s).

Thomas Jefferson and James MadisonPress Space to open Correct label:Small landowners and farmers are the cornerstone of a democratic republic. Correct label:Principles of free trade are important to the future financial health of the republic. Alexander HamiltonPress Space to open Correct label:There should be a standing national army to deal with potential uprisings. Correct label:The future financial health of the republic is tied to commerce with Europe. Correct label:The application of tariffs and subsidies is important to the future financial health of the republic.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing the process of breaking a tie in the electoral college.

Within the electoral college, it is possible for none of the candidates to win a majority of electoral votes. Though rare, if this occurs, the responsibility of electing a president falls to the House of Representatives where they choose from among the top three candidates, with each state casting one vote. The Senate would then select the vice president.

Alexander Hamilton's fiscal plan for the new government was met with opposition, but eventually he and Thomas Jefferson brokered a creative bargain, or compromise, in 1790. Complete the following passage describing this agreement.

Working on behalf of southerners, who generally opposed Hamilton's plan, Jefferson bargained to accept the majority of Hamilton's fiscal policies on the condition that a permanent national capital be established along the Potomac River between Virginia and Maryland. It was hoped that this location would remove the business of government away from the northern financiers and merchants who seemed to exert so much influence over it.

Identify the following slave rebellions and revolts in the nineteenth-century Atlantic World.

a ship seized by 135 slaves being transported from Norfolk to New Orleans; they changed its course to the British Bahamas where they were given refuge -slave ship Creole the first of four major slave conspiracies in the beginning of the nineteenth century that was led by a literate blacksmith who planned a large slave rebellion around Richmond -Gabriel's rebellion a celebrated incident in which fifty-three slaves took control of their ship and tried to redirect it to Africa -slave ship Amistad an uprising that occurred on sugar plantations north of New Orleans; some 500 men and women marched on New Orleans shouting "Death or Freedom" -Louisiana

The Treaty of Ghent, ending the War of 1812, largely favored the United States.

false

Whigs believed that liberty and power were incompatible and that an activist government was to be avoided at all costs as a grave threat to liberty.

false

As head of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton created a plan to make America financially independent. While Hamilton's Report on Manufactures (1791) encouraged the development of factories to make America financially independent, people like Thomas Jefferson and James Madison disagreed with his approach. Jefferson and Madison believed the future of financial growth depended on which commercial activity?

farming

The Erie Canal, illustrated in the watercolor image below, is typical of engineering improvements at this time. Drag the statements that correctly describe the projects completed during this time to the image below.

the burden of funding "internal improvements " such as roads and canals largely fell to the states many early roads and services were provided by private companies

Most slaves who succeeded in escaping slavery, like Frederick Douglass, came from the Upper South, especially from states that bordered free states like Virginia, Maryland, and Kentucky.

true

The Dorr War was a political fight in Rhode Island over the property qualifications required to vote. Place the following descriptions of this event in chronological order.

1. upset with Rhode Island's voting requirements, a group of wage-earning men met at a "people's convention" 2. The people's convention wrote and ratified a new constitution for the state of Rhode Island 3. President John Tyler sent troops to the state 4. The Rhode Island legislature eliminated the property qualification for native born man

Both the Alien and Sedition Acts were viewed with tremendous suspicion. Identify who suffered most under the enforcement of each of the Acts.

Alien Act: German Immigrants did not suffer under either Act: Federalists politicians, tax collectors Sedition Act: Republican newspaper editors

On the map below, which depicts the major U.S. cities in the year 1840, select the western city known as "Porkopolis."

Cincinnati

Even though John Tyler was a Whig, Whig newspapers quickly started referring to him as "His Accidency" and "The Executive Ass." Why was Tyler so disliked by members of his own party?

Correct Answer(s) Tyler vetoed the creation of a new national bank. Tyler vetoed a higher tariff. Incorrect Answer(s) Tyler wanted to enact legislation in support of the American System. Tyler supported renewing the national bank.

Identify the initiatives that led to the Democrats' success at the national level.

Correct Answer(s) reduced government expenditures lowered the tariff Incorrect Answer(s) increased the national debt expanded the national bank

As George Washington settled into his presidency, factions argued about the role of the new government. Which of the following represents the views on government held by the "strict constructionists"?

The government could only exercise powers written in the original U.S. Constitution.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage describing members of the founding generation.

The men that attended the Constitutional Convention were mostly lawyers, merchants, and planters. Most of them had spent time at college, and generally believed that for the United States to succeed, the influence of direct democracy must be somewhat restrained by the government.

Despite his own personal and intimate relationship with Sally Hemings, Thomas Jefferson articulated a variety of claims about race in his book Notes on the State of Virginia. Identify Jefferson's beliefs below.

correct: -He believed the best solution to issues of race in America was to remove blacks from the country. -While he believed Indians and Americans would eventually merge into a single people, he did not believe in a similar merger of blacks and whites .-African-Americans were inferior to whites in intellect in a way that no democratic society could change. -He believed the bitter experience of slavery made blacks incapable of being loyal to the nation.

With the price of slaves rising dramatically after the closing of the African slave trade, it made economic sense for slaveowners to pay less for their slaves' health care and shelter.

false

An estimated 75 percent of enslaved women and 90 percent of enslaved men worked in the fields of the American South. The organization of their labor varied, but two main organizations were the task system and the gang system. Match each statement below to the type of labor organization it describes.

gang labor: -This system of field work was known to be more violent than the other. -Groups of slaves were supervised as they did their work. -common on plantations in southern Louisiana where sugarcane was cultivated task labor: -common on plantations producing rice along the coasts of South Carolina and Georgia -Slaves were given a series of daily jobs to be done at their own pace.

Identify the following key terms.

passed by Congress to enforce the federal tariff of 1832-force act represented a conflict between the federal government and South Carolina-nullification crisis justified South Carolina's arguments for nullification by drawing on the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions of 1798-Exposition and Protest raised taxes on imported manufactured goods made of wool, as well as raw materials such as iron-tariff of abominations

Identify the outlook on slavery described in this passage.

paternalism

The market revolution of the early nineteenth century was made possible by a variety of technological advancements and feats of engineering. Match each new or improved technology to its contribution to the market revolution.

stimulated the opening of vast areas of interior land, the mining of coal, and the production of ironrailroads Correct label:railroads connected existing waterways to allow for increased speed and lowered cost in transportation of goodscanals Correct label:canals mechanized the separation of cotton seed from cotton fibersthe cotton gin Correct label:the cotton gin made it possible for people and goods to travel upstream—against the flow of a riverthe steamboat Correct label:the steamboat made communication possible over long distancesthe telegraph Correct label:the telegraph

The culture of slavery in the antebellum South was different from the culture of slavery in Brazil and the West Indies. Determine whether the statements below better describe antebellum slave culture in the United States or the patterns of slave-keeping in South America and the Caribbean.

the antebellum South -There were few free blacks in this society; those who were free had few rights. -Slave rebellions were fairly rare. -Enslaved persons in this society had better living conditions and longer life expectancies. Brazil or the West Indies: -Plantation owners in this society would occasionally free their slaves as reward for good work or in honor of rites of passage like marriage. -Slave rebellions were common and large-scale. -Plantation owners tended not to live on their plantations.

John Quincy Adams announced in his first message to Congress in December 1825 that "the spirit of improvement is abroad in the land." Whom did he believe should be the patron of the "spirit of improvement"?

the federal government

Slavery in the American South and the West Indies differed considerably. Identify the demographic differences in slavery in these regions.

the number of male and female slaves were about the same: American South Marriage among slaves in this region was much more common, leading to a greater possibility of creating family life: American South The number of male slaves outnumbered the female slaves: West Indies