Chapter 7

The Golgi tendon organs monitor A. tension produced by muscular contraction. B. the position of joints during movement. C. the length of muscle. D. the concentration of sodium ions in the sarcoplasm.

A .

A "movement plan" is first developed by the _________________ before being sent to spinal centers for modification. A. motor cortex B. sensory cortex C. medulla oblongata D. cerebellum

A.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is associated with A. All of these answers are correct. B. chronic inflammation. C. neuronal death. D. loss of axons.

A.

Equilibrium and balance require input from the A. All of these answers are correct. B. joint, tendon, and muscle receptors. C. vestibular apparatus. D. eyes.

A.

Higher brain centers are responsible for developing a general pattern of movement; the specific details of this movement are refined via a process known as ______. A. spinal tuning B. reciprocal inhibition C. motor programming D. motor unit refinement

A.

Nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the central nervous system are called A. afferent. B. synapses. C. efferent. D. dendrites

A.

Neurotransmitters that cause depolarization of membranes are called A. excitatory transmitters. B. synaptic transmitters. C. receptors. D. inhibitory transmitters

A.

The action potential is generated when an excitatory stimulus A. opens sodium channels. B. blocks the entry of sodium into the cell. C. opens voltage-gated potassium channels. D. causes the interior of the cell to become more negative.

A.

The area of the brain that aids in control of movement and may initiate fast ballistic movements is the A. cerebellum. B. cerebrum. C. brain stem. D. motor cortex.

A.

The motor cortex is concerned with voluntary movement and is located within the A. cerebrum. B. cerebellum. C. hypothalamus. D. brain stem.

A.

Which of the following statements about multiple sclerosis (MS) are NOT true? A. MS results in damage to neurons within the basal ganglia. B. At present, no known cure exists for MS. C. MS results in destruction of the myelin sheaths of axons in the central nervous system. D. MS results in general fatigue and muscle weakness.

A.

An excitatory neurotransmitter A. promotes potassium entry into the neuron. B. both results in graded depolarization of the dentrites and cell body and promotes excitatory postsynaptic potentials are correct. C. results in graded depolarization of the dentrites and cell body. D. promotes excitatory postsynaptic potentials.

B.

Anatomically, the nervous system can be divided into two main parts: A. sympathetic and parasympathetic. B. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. C. afferent and efferent. D. sensory and motor.

B.

Neurons can be divided into three basic components: A. afferent, efferent, and dendrites. B. cell body, dendrites, and axon. C. cell body, soma, and axon. D. soma, dendrites, and Schwann cells.

B.

Relative to brain health, regular aerobic exercise has been shown to A. stimulate neuron formation. B. do all of these. C. improve brain blood flow. D. enhance learning and memory.

B.

The ______________________ is an organ located in the inner ear and is responsible for maintaining general equilibrium. A. pacinian corpuscle B. vestibular apparatus C. Golgi tendon organ D. cerebellum

B.

The autonomic nervous system can be divided into two functional and anatomical divisions called A. afferent and efferent. B. sympathetic and parasympathetic. C. None of these answers is correct. D. sympathetic and unsympathetic.

B.

The joint receptors that provide the central nervous system with information about body position are called A. chemoreceptors. B. proprioceptors. C. motor neurons. D. extrafusal fibers.

B.

The mechanism responsible for the size principle is that compared to large motor neurons, A. All of these answers are correct. B. small motor neurons have a small surface area and are easier to depolarize. C. small motor neurons have a larger (more negative) membrane potential. D. small motor neurons do not respond to IPSPs.

B.

The sodium-potassium pump in neurons is an active transport pump that A. moves 2 molecules of sodium out of the cell and returns 3 molecules of potassium into the cell. B. moves 3 molecules of sodium out of the cell and returns 2 molecules of potassium into the cell. C. moves 3 molecules of sodium out of the cell and returns 3 molecules of potassium into the cell.

B.

The term kinesthesia refers to A. a lack of sensation in the muscles and joints. B. conscious recognition of the position of body parts with respect to each other. C. the study of movement. D. the transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon.

B.

Endurance exercise training has been shown to improve brain function in numerous ways. Which of the following exercise-induced changes in the brain are NOT linked to exercise-induced improvement in cognition? A. production of new neurons B. angiogenesis in the hippocampus C. angiogenesis in the cerebellum D. increases in brain growth factors

C.

Repeated sport-related traumatic brain injuries (i.e., concussions) are associated with a higher risk of developing _________. A. dementia B. impaired mental function C. All of these answers are correct D. Alzheimers diease

C.

The ability of a neuron to respond to a stimulus is termed A. Conductivity. B. Depolarization. C. Irritability. D. Repolarization.

C.

The neurotransmitter used in the parasympathetic nervous system is A. serotonin. B. acetylcholine. C. dopamine. D. norepinephrine.

C.

The summing of many excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) from a single pre-synaptic neuron over a short time period is called A. spatial summation. B. irritability. C. temporal summation. D. hyperpolarization.

C.

The thin muscle cells located within the muscle spindle are called A. satellite cells. B. extrafusal fibers. C. intrafusal fibers. D. gamma fibers.

C.

Which of the following statements about neurons are NOT true? A. An action potential can occur when the neuron's sodium gates open. B. Maintaining resting membrane potential requires the use of energy from ATP. C. Neurons repolarize by opening chloride channels on the membrane. D. The resting membrane potential is generally in the range of -40mv to -75mv.

C.

Which of the following statements are true about muscle chemoreceptors? A. Muscle chemoreceptors send information to the central nervous system via group I and II fibers. B. All of these answers are correct. C. Muscle chemoreceptors respond to changes in the concentration of hydrogen ions. D. Muscle chemoreceptors respond to changes in partial pressure of oxygen within the muscle fibers.

C.

A potential mechanism that could contribute to central fatigue includes A. a decrease in the excitability of the motor cortex. B. depletion of excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. C. increases in excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain. D. both depletion of excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain and a decrease in the excitability of the motor cortex are correct.

D.

Muscle spindles provide sensory information relative to the A. amount of energy expended during a muscle contraction. B. amount of force generated by muscle during a contraction. C. speed of muscle contraction. D. length of muscle.

D.

Nerve fibers that conduct impulses away from the central nervous system are called A. afferent. B. dendrites. C. sensory. D. efferent.

D.

Neurons are negatively charged on the inside of the cell with respect to the charge on the exterior of the cell. This electrical charge difference is called A. conductivity. B. irritability. C. action potential. D. resting membrane potential.

D.

The negative membrane potential in a resting neuron is primarily due to A. a higher permeability of the membrane for potassium compared to sodium. B. diffusion of potassium out of the cell. C. high levels of chloride ions in the cell. D. both diffusion of potassium out of the cell and a higher permeability of the membrane for potassium compared to sodium are correct.

D.

The resting membrane potential of neurons is determined by A. the difference in ion concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluids. B. the number of hydrogen ions located within the neuron. C. the permeability of the cell membrane to various ions. D. both the permeability of the cell membrane to various ions and the difference in ion concentration between the intracellular and extracellular fluids are correct.

D.