Chapter 7 Imperialism and the Spanish American War

American response to the sinking of the USS Maine

"Remember the Maine". Americans believed that the Spanish sabotaged the ship.

Arguments against Annexation of Philippines

- It was America's duty to help 'less civilized' people - Andrew Carnegie argued that the cost of an empire would far outweigh the benefits it would provide

Arguments for Annexation of Philippines

- Philippines provide the US with another Pacific naval base - Stopover on the way to trade with China and Japan - Another large market for Americans to trade

America becomes assertive in foreign affairs

1. 1888 US risks war with Germany over control of Samoa 2. 1891 US threatens war with Chile when a mob in Chile attacks American sailors 3. 1895 US supports Venezuela against Great Britain for control of borders shared with British Guiana

What were the three factors that fueled American imperialism?

1. Desire for military strength 2. Desire for new markets 3. Belief in cultural superiority

Spanish American War in Two Fronts

1. Fighting in the Philippines. 2. Fighting in Cuba

Factors that Spark European Imperialism

1. Industrial factories depended on raw materials from all over the world 2. In the late 1800s, most industrial countries protected themselves from competing with other industrial countries by placing high tariffs on one another 3. Investment opportunities for entrepreneurs in Western Europe had slowed

Sites for Central American canal

1. Nicaragua 2. Panama

Decisions regarding the Philippines following the War

1. Remain true to their republican ideals 2. Become an imperial power that ruled a foreign country without the consent of its people

Issues with Spanish military in Cuba

1. Tropical diseases and months of fighting Cuban rebels left the Spanish soldiers weak 2. Spanish warships were old and their crews were poorly trained.

Treaty of Kanagawa

1854 treaty between Japan and the US. Japan agreed to open two ports to American ships. Established a consulate in Japan. Peace treaty between the US and Japan. Helps lead the Japanese to developing their own Industrial Revolution.

Sanford Dole

1894 wealthy, plantation owner and politician who was named President of New Republic of Hawaii. He asked US to annex Hawaii.

William McKinley

25th president of the U.S., _____________ led the nation to victory in the Spanish-American War. Was assassinated on September 14th, 1901.

Teddy Roosevelt

26th President, from 1901-1909, took over in 1901 when McKinley was shot, Went after trusts, wanted to build the Panama canal, and make our Navy ( military stronger ) Favored Anglo-Saxonism. Believed it was America's duty to shape "less civilized" corners of the earth. Negotiated peace between Japan and Russia which ended up with Roosevelt receiving the Nobel Peace Prize. Famous for saying "Speak softly and carry a big stick".

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president of the U.S. _______________ was famous for his "Big Stick Diplomacy" when it came to foreign affairs. ____________ became the youngest man to assume the U.S. presidency after President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901. He won a second term in 1904. Known for his anti-monopoly policies and ecological conservationism.

Panama Canal

A 77.1-kilometre (48 mi) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. Project spearheaded by president Theodore Roosevelt.

Spanish-American War

A conflict in 1898 between Spain and the United States, the result of American intervention in the Cuban War of Independence. American attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine-American War.

Pearl Harbor

A lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the United States Pacific Fleet.

Guam

A new territory gained by the U.S. after the Treaty of Paris, _________ became a key coaling station in the Pacific Ocean for ships traveling to/from the Philippines.

Rough Riders

A volunteer cavalry under the command of Leonard Wood and Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. A part of the invading army of Cuba. They were a regiment of volunteers who were short on discipline but long on dash. They consisted mostly of western cowboys and similar characters along with some ex-polo players and ex-convicts. They were commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood and organized by Theodore Roosevelt.

9th & 10th Cavalry

Also known as the Buffalo Soldiers. All-black cavalry units who fought with great bravery in the Spanish American War. 4 men from these units went on to receive the Medal of Honor.

U.S.S. Maine

American war ship that was blown up in the harbor of Havana. More than 260 men died. This was the third cause of the Spanish-American war.

Fighting in Cuba

Americans land soldiers east of Santiago on June 14 seeking to capture the guns overlooking Santiago harbor forcing the Spanish fleet out to sea. Fighting was very difficult due to the hills around the city of Santiago. Small numbers of Spanish defenders hold off larger overwhelming numbers of American attackers.

Roosevelt Corollary

An addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in his State of the Union address in 1904 after the Venezuela Crisis of 1902-03. The __________ states that the United States will intervene in conflicts between European countries and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than having the Europeans press their claims directly.

Japan's Industrial Revolution

Begins in 1873. In 1873 Japan had 26 steamships, by 1904 Japan had 797 steamships. In 1873 Japan had 18 miles of railroad track, by 1904 Japan had 4,700 miles of railroad track.

Filling up the American West

Causes Americans to conclude the US needed new markets overseas to keep the economy strong

American businesses push for trade with

China and Japan

John Fiske

Created the idea of Anglo-Saxonism

What was Cuba and America's relationship?

Cuba was a protectorate of the United States.

Jose Marti

Cuban patriot who launched a war for independence from Spain. First rebellion failed, causing Jose to move to New York City where he gathered other Cuban exiles and prepared and trained for battle against Spanish forces. Died while fighting in a second rebellion in Cuba.

President McKinley's Second Term

Ends early when assassinated by an anarchist in September of 1901. Leaves Vice President Roosevelt to assume the Oval Office.

Philippines response to the Treaty of Paris 1898

Filipino revolutionaries began to attack Americans in revolt against becoming controlled by America. Led to Philippine-American war that lasted more than 3 years. 4,300 American soldiers died out of 126,000 deployed. Filipino losses between estimated 50,000 - 200,000.

Battle of Manila Bay

First Battle of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines; decisive US victory under Commodore George Dewey. Dewey arrived in harbor around midnight and opened up fire at the break of dawn.

Cuba 1868

First Cuban rebellion led by Jose Marti that ends unsuccessfully due to lack of foreign support. Causes rebels to flee to the US.

William Howard Taft

First US civil governor of the Philippines. Improved education, transportation, and health care in order to gain the trust of the Filipino people.

Issues with the Panama Canal

French compnay originally had the rights to a construct a canal from the Atlantic to the Pacific, after sinking lots of money into the project, it ended in failure. The French company sold it's rights to the United States of America. But the US was unable to negotiate with Colombia for usage and construction on the land. This leads the United States into working with Panamanian rebels and overthrowing Colombian forces located in Panama.

Captain Alfred Mahan

In 1890, he wrote The Influence of Sea Power upon History. He was a proponent of building a large navy. He said that a new, modern navy was necessary to protect the international trade America depended on.

Puerto Rico

Invaded by the U.S. during the Spanish-American War. One of the insular territories gained by the U.S. as a result of the Treaty of Paris. Inhabitants of ___________ ________ are considered U.S. citizens, thanks to the Jones Act of 1917.

Cuba

Island to the south of the U.S., and of great economic interest (sugar/tobacco) to the U.S. economy. Sight of the _______ Rebellion and many battles during the Spanish-American War.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that is based upon sensationalism and often crude exaggeration of events. These journalists exaggerate, twist, and inflame the news to influence public opinion, cause action, and, above all else, sell more papers than their competitors! The two biggest names pushing the U.S. toward war with Spain with yellow journalism were William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer.

The Ambassador's Letter

Letter written by the Spanish Ambassador that criticized President McKinley calling him" weak" and a "bitter for the admiration of the crowd" Another reason for the Spanish-American war.

Investment for Western Europeans

Most of the factories, railroads, and mines had already been built in Europe. European investors begin to look overseas for places to invest their capital like Africa and Asia

General Valeriano Weyler

Nickname "The Butcher". A Spanish general who was sent to crush the Cuban revolt. By using "brutal" methods, he caused uproar in the United States, who called for immediate action to help the Cubans. Forced Cubans into "reconcentration camps".

reparations

Payment for war damages

Imperialism

Policy in which stronger nations extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories.

Queen Liliuo'kalani

Queen of Hawaii. Pushed for a reasserting her power. Wanted a new constitution. Overthrown in 1893 by wealthy white settlers/landowners.

Cuban rebels tactics

Rebels staged hit-and-run raids, burned plantations and sugar mills, tore up railroad tracks, and attacked supply depots. Rebels knew that American entrepreneurs had money invested in Cuba, they hoped to force America's involvement in the conflict.

Platt Amendment

Rules for Cuba when writing their new Constitution 1. Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that would weaken its independence 2. Cuba had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba 3. Cuba's debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign troops from arriving and demanding payment for loans 4. The US would have rights to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order Remained in effect until 1934

James Blaine

Secretary of State; argued that the US should rally Latin American nations behind itself; presided over the Pan-American Conference.

Philippines

Sold to U.S. for the price of $20 million. Islands administered by Insular Government after the SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

April 24, 1898

Spain declares war on the US

China

The U.S.'s "natural customer," CHINA was seen as a vital market for the U.S. economy. S

Hawaii

The US wanted to takeover this territory because it was the perfect stopping point on the way to Asia. Missionaries in 1819 discovered that sugarcane grew in Hawaii leading many American businessmen to establish plantations on the island.

Autonomy

The right for a country to govern itself

Treaty of Paris 1898

The treaty that concluded the Spanish American War, Commissioners from the U.S. were sent to Paris on October 1, 1898 to produce a treaty that would bring an end to the war with Spain after six months of hostilitiy. From the treaty America got Guam, Puerto Rico and they paid 20 million dollars for the Philippines. Cuba was freed from Spain.

Manifest Destiny

The widely held belief in the United States that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent.

Japan

This country was the one visited by Commodore Perry in 1853 in an attempt to open up trade

Manifest destiny

U.S. belief that they had the right to expand territory over N. America

Issues with the US military in Spanish American War

US Army unprepared for war. The Army lacked the resources to train and equip the soldiers. Training camps suffered extremely unsanitary conditions that caused epidemics to break out leaving hundreds dead. More people died in camp than fighting against the Spanish.

Darkside of America's control of the Philippines

US forces in the Philippines created re-concentration camps in the Philippines to separate the Filipino people from the Filipino rebels.

The Spanish American War was touched off by the explosion of the

USS Maine

El Caney

Was the location other than San Juan Hill where major fighting took place on July 1 in Cuba. Left 80 dead and 350 Wounded

Spanish Naval Fleet

With the American capture of the shore guns overlooking Santiago Harbor, the Spanish fleet flees the harbor and face destruction at the hand of the waiting American Naval Fleet.

Japan prior to Commodore Matthew Perry's arrival

Would not trade with any western nation out of fear that the West would destroy their culture. Only traded with China and the Dutch.

What created public support for Cuban rebels?

Yellow Journalism

Big Stick Diplomacy

_____________ refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy: "speak softly, and carry a big stick." Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as "the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis".

Social Darwinism

a belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest

Bayonet Constitution

a constitution the king of Hawaii was forced to sign which severely restricted his power and deprived most Hawaiians of the vote

Colony

a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country.

San Juan Heights

a series of hills overlooking the main road to Santiago, which were attacked by American soldiers during the Spanish-American War. Spanish continued to target American officers which created mass chaos and forced the Americans to wait for help at the bottom of the hillside.

Kettle Hill

first part of the Cuba land battle took place near this location. Featured a dramatic uphill charge by Rough Riders and two African-American regiments. The victory cleared the way for the infantry attack on San Juan Hill

Commodore Matthew Perry

the commodore of the u.s. navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the west in the Treaty of Kanagawa

Anglo-Saxonism

the idea that English-speaking nations had superior character, ideas, and systems of government and were destined to control other nations.

Protectorate

the imperial power allowed the local rulers to stay in control and protected them against rebellions and invasion. In return, local rulers were forced to accept all political advice from the imperial power.

cut down travel time between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

the main reason US wanted to build the Panama Canal