Chapter 7- Intelligence

Savant Syndrome

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or a drawing

Intelligence test

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

Factor Analysis

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

Francis Galton

Cousin of Darwin who promoted "mental tests" and eugenics

L.L. Thurstone

Didn't want to rank people on a single scale; he administered 56 different tests to his subjects and used them to identify seven clusters of mental abilities

Alfred Binet

French psychologist who developed a test to measure a child's mental age

Multiple Intelligences Theory

Gardner's theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

What should be changed to make the following sentence true "Arthur Jensen theorized that Level I intelligence is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities while Level II intelligence is responsible for rote memorization."

The placement of the phrases "Level I" and "Level II" should be switched.

Robert Sternberg created the...

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

William Stern

Used revisions of the Binet-Simon scale to create the Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

Howard Gardner

Views intelligence as multiple abilities that come on different forms

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale or Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale

Wechsler combined several subtests from other intelligence tests that tapped into a variety of verbal and nonverbal skills, because Wechsler believed that intelligence encompassed "the global capacity of a person to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment"

Mental Age

When a person can solve problems typical of a child of that chronological age

Creative Intelligence

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

Fluid Intelligence

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Emotional Intelligence

ability to understand emotions and motivations in yourself and others

Cultural Intelligence

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

Norming

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

Practical Intelligence

aka "street smarts"

Analytical Intelligence

aligned with academic problem solving and computations

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

analytical

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

as culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

illness such as diabetes and stomach cancer kill more than twice the number of Americans than murder or car accidents.

availability heuristic

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over.

babbling

Understanding Emotions

being able to predict them and how they might change

Perceiving Emotions

being able to recognize them in faces, and even in music, film, and stories

Crystallized Intelligence

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Fluid Intelligence helps you understand...

complex, abstract challenges in your daily life

Crystallized intelligence helps you understand...

concrete, straightforward problems

Camela believes her assistant, Lian, is incompetent. She notices only what Lian does wrong while ignoring the above average quality of most of her work. This exemplifies ____ bias

confirmation

Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

creative

________ intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

grammar

Niaz's car breaks down, and he is convinced that it was a predictable event even though there was no way of knowing it would happen. This exemplifies ________.

hindsight bias

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Managing Emotions

knowing how to appropriately express yourself in various situations

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

Reth is known for his ability and interest in writing. He won an award for his short story, "A Bear in the Woods," and was named Young Poet of the Year at his high school. He is currently working on a book titled, When Harry Potter Attacks. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

linguistic

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

Standard Deviation

measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their mean

Gonzalo is attempting to open his car door using the auto lock button on his keychain. He pushes the button twice, but his car door does not open. He continues to push the button even though it is likely that the auto lock feature has stopped working, and he will need to open the door manually with his key. This illustrates a ________.

mental set

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Standardization

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are consistent

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning.

morpheme

Knowing what a rainbow looks like because you have seen a rainbow is an example of a ________ concept.

natural

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural, artificial

Flynn Effect

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on ________.

one piece of information versus all of the information

The average score on an IQ test is 100. In modern IQ testing, one standard deviation is 15 points. Someone with an IQ of 115 would be described as________.

one standard deviation above the mean

Larry P. v. Riles

parents of African American students filed a case against the State of California in 1979, because they believed that the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using white children

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

Anwar dresses for a cold fall day and steps outside to find it sunny and hot. He goes back inside to change out of his sweater and jeans into a shirt and shorts. Anwar is demonstrating the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence.

practical

Raymond Cattell

proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence

a ____ is the best example, or representation of a concept

prototype

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

Which of the following is key to generating a bell curve?

sample size

A(an) ________ is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts.

schema

sports cars are fast, shiny, and expensive. What is this sentence an example of?

schema

Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

score on a test designed to measure intelligence

Which term refers to the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words?

semantics

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Representative Sample

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that leads to the impulse to use heuristics?

the decision to be made is important

Eugenics

the idea of selective mating of "intelligent" people; was associated with racsim

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

What is confirmation bias?

focusing on information that confirms your existing beliefs

Arthur Jensen

He also posited that intelligence was made up of two types of abilities: Level I and Level II. Level I is responsible for rote memorization, whereas Level II is responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities. According to his findings, Level I remained consistent among the human race. Level II, however, exhibited differences among ethnic groups. Jensen's most controversial conclusion was that Level II intelligence is prevalent among Asians, then Caucasians, then African Americans

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme.

I

Stern's version of how to calculate IQ

IQ= (Mental Age/ Chronological Age) x 100

Lewis Terman

Interested in children's cognitive processes and wanted to predict school success. Changed IQ test name to Stanford-Binet and developed it even further

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

It was not empirical.

Binet-Simon Scale

Mental age test developed by Binet and Simon

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

Role

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

Sternberg's theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical, creative, and analytical

Charles Spearman

Suggested we do have one comprehensive general intelligence that underlies all of our specific mental abilities known as the G-factor

Intelligence

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new experiences

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?

dyslexia

Range of Reaction

each person's response to the environment is unique based on his or her genetic make- up

A(an) ________ schema is also known as a cognitive script.

event

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally