Chapter 7 Knowledge Checks

The upper trapezius works with what muscle as a force couple to create upward rotation of the scapula?

Serratus anterior

Inferior

below an identified reference point.

One of the most important concepts in motor control is that muscles are recruited by the nervous system in groups. What are these groups called?

muscle synergies

Stabilizer

Contract isometrically to support and stabilize the joints.

What is the anatomical term that describes something positioned on the opposite side of the body?

Contralateral

The deep longitudinal subsystem includes which of the following muscle groups?

Hamstrings and erector spinae

Which subsystem is responsible for providing both frontal plane mobility and stabilization of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex?

Lateral subsystem

Agonists

Muscles that act as the prime movers for a joint motion.

Posterior

On or toward the back of the body.

Antagonist

Perform the opposite action of the prime mover

Which of the following solutions would allow an individual to achieve a greater depth during the lowering phase of the squat if ankle stiffness is the cause?

Place a small board under the heels

What is a key mechanism involved in internal feedback?

Proprioception

Which of the following muscle groups work both eccentrically and concentrically in the sagittal plane during a squat?

Quadriceps

Which of the following muscle groups work eccentrically in the sagittal plane during the lowering phase of the squat?

Quadriceps

Improved performance during a plyometric jump is dependent upon which of the following?

Rapid amortization phase

What is the scientific term that describes the nervous system's role in the contract/relax relationship between agonists and antagonists?

Reciprocal inhibition

Medial

Relatively closer to the midline of the body.

Hypermobility

A joint having more range of motion than it should

Eversion

A movement in which the heel bone moves laterally

Movements that take place within a joint and are not visible to the human eye may be classified in what way?

Arthrokinematic

What type of muscle action would expend the highest amount of energy at a fixed resistance level over a comparable duration?

Concentric

Muscle imbalance

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length tension relationships

The muscles of the lower leg, hamstrings, and low back region make up which of the following global muscular subsystems?

Deep longitudinal subsystem (DLS)

Concentric

Describing a muscle action resulting in the shortening of a muscle

Eccentric

Describing a muscle action that occurs when a muscle develops tension while lengthening

Plantar flexion

Extension occurring at the ankle

TRUE OR FALSE? The primary characteristic of closed-chain movements is that the distal segments, such as the person's hands or feet, are not fixed and are able to move freely

FALSE- in closed chain movements the body segments are stationary.

What type of lever could be described as having a fulcrum in the middle like a seesaw?

First class

Dorsiflexion

Flexion occurring at the ankle

Hypomobility

When range of motion at a joint is limited

During a squat, which muscle group isometrically contracts to prevent unnecessary thigh movement in the frontal plane?

Hip abductors

Motor learning

How repeated practice and experience of motor control processes leads to a relatively permanent change in skilled motor behavior

Motor development

How skilled motor behavior changes over time throughout the life span

Motor control

How the central nervous system integrates internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response

Motor behavior

How the human movement system responds to internal and external stimuli

Which of the following force couples is accurately linked to the movement created by their combined action?

Internal and external obliques functioning to create trunk rotation

What does the term force refer to?

The ability of one entity to act on another entity, causing acceleration or deceleration.

Flexibility

The normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of joint motion

What concept describes how the function of one segment of the body can impact other areas?

The regional interdependence model.

What is the imaginary line that bisects the body into right and left sides?

The sagittal plane

Performing a biceps curl with a dumbbell in the hand is an example of which type of lever?

Third class

Altered length-tension

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce.

Reciprocal inhibition

When an agonist receives a signal to contract, it's functional antagonist also receives an inhibitory signal allowing it too lengthen.

Altered reciprocal inhibition

When an overactive agonist muscle decreases the neural drive to its functional antagonist.

Synergist

Creates forces to assist prime movers but are not intended as the primary force producer.

Which type of exercise accommodates effort whereby the harder the individual pushes or pulls, the more resistance they feel, despite the movement speed remaining constant?

Isokinetic

What are the three overarching types of muscle actions?

Isotonic, isometric, and isokinetic

In order to optimally load muscle during the eccentric phase, the fitness professional should recommend which of the following?

Lower the weight more slowly to increase time under tension

Abduction

Movement in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline of the body

Which muscle functions in a feed-forward mechanism in anticipation of limb movements?

Multifidus

Contralateral

On the opposite side of the body.

What type of input may provide a runner with a cue to contract the evertor muscles to avoid an inversion injury?

Proprioception