Chapter 7 Life Span Development EMT

Early adults

19-40 years old. Focus on work and family.

Middle adults

41-60 years old. Focus on achieving life goals.

School age

6-12 years

Older Adults

61 years and older. Focus on their mortality and the mortality of friends and loved ones.

5 months

Sleeps throughout the night; recognizes family members from strangers

Moro reflex

(startle reflex) happens when a neonate is caught off guard by something or someone; the neonate opens his or her arms wide, spreads the fingers, and seems to grab at things.

Older people: Nervous System

- NS changes can result in the most debilitating of age-related illness. - The metabolic rate in the older brain does not change, however, and oxygen consumption remains constant throughout life. - Biphasic (two phased) sleep cycle - Age related shrinkage of the brain results in space between the brain and its cover, the dura mater. Bleeding in this area can occur because the veins are stretched.

Older people: Renal System

- The number of nephrons declines between the ages of 30 and 80 years; meaning a decrease in the ability to clear waste and conserve fluids when needed. -Kidney size decreases by 20%, and filtration function decreases by 50%: due to the decreased effectiveness of the blood vessels that supply blood to the nephrons

Older people: The Cardiovascular System

-Atherosclerosis: Commonly affects coronary vessels, cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the vessels, forming plaque. More than 60% of people older than 65 have this disease. -decrease in heart rate -decrease in cardiac output -inability to elevate cardiac output to match the demands of the body; the heart is then less able to respond to exercise or disease. - In life threatening injuries the body typically needs to increase , this can actually cause damage to the older heart

Older people: Digestive System

-Changes may inhibit nutritional intake and utilization -Saliva secretion decreases; reduces body's ability to process complex carbohydrates -Blood flow may drop as much as 50%

Older people: The respiratory system

-Size of the airway increases and surface area of the alveoli decreases -Rigid chest= calcified chest can fracture - Innervation of the structures in the airway provides less sensation; resulting in more difficulty to maintaining the upper airway= greater risk of airway obstruction -Strong inhalation can cause walls of the airway to collapse= inspiratory wheezing -White blood cells found in the airway are less aggressive, increasing the risk of lung infections

infant

A child age 1 month to 1 year.

Neonate

A newborn age birth to 1 month

7 Months

Afraid of strangers; mood swings

toddler

Ages 1-3 years

Preschooler

Ages 3-6 years

3 Months

Brings objects to the mouth; smiles and frowns

Fontanelles

Areas where the neonates or infants skull has not fused together; usually disappears at approximately 18 months of age - The posterior fontanelle normally fuses by the third month of life. - The anterior fontanelle fuses between 9 and 18 months of age. On assessment, if either of the fontanelles is depressed, the infant is most likely dehydrated. A bulging fontanelle is indicative of increased intracranial pressure.

Nephrons

Basic filtering units in the kidneys

Preconventional reasoning

Children act almost purely to avoid punishment and to get what they want.

Conventional reasoning

Children look for approval from their peers and society.

Postconventional reasoing

Children make decisions guided by their conscience.

The leading cause of death for neonates?

Congenital abnormalities

Pulse Rate: 70 beats/min RR: 12-20 breaths/min SBP: 90-140 mm Hg

Early Adults Middle adults

12 Months

Knows his or her name; walks

9 Months

Pulls up to stand; places objects in mouth to explore them.

4 months

Reaches out to people; drools

2 Months

Recognizes familiar faces, tracks objects with the eyes.

10 Months

Responds to his or her name; crawls efficiently.

11 Months

Starts to walk without help; frustrated with restrictions

Rooting reflex

Takes place when something touches a neonate's cheek; the neonate will instinctively turn his or her head toward the touch.

6 Months

Teething begins; sits upright; speaks one-syllable words

Older people: The Endocrine system

When a person gains weight more insulin is needed to control the body's metabolism and blood glucose (sugar) level.

Separation anxiety

is common in older infants. Peaks between 10 and 18 months and involves clingy behavior and fear of unfamiliar places and people

Self-esteem

is how we feel about ourselves and how we fit in with our peers.

Anxious-avoidant attachment

is observed in infants who are repeatedly rejected. -These children show little emotional response. -These children often develop an isolated lifestyle where they do not have to depend on the support and care of others.

Self-concept

is our perception of ourselves.

Sucking reflex

occurs when a neonate's lips are stroked.

Secure attachment

occurs when an infant understands that parents or caregivers will respond to their needs.

Palmar grasp

occurs when an object is placed into the neonate's palm.

Trust and mistrust

refers to a stage of development from birth to about 18 months of age that involves an infant's needs being met by his or her parents or caregivers.

8 months

responds to "no", can sit alone; plays peek a boo

Bonding

the formation of a close, personal relationship, is based on a secure attachment.