Chapter 7: Memory

A loss of memory, often due to brain injury, is called:

Amnesia

The model that describes memory as having three sperate systems is called the ________ theory.

Atkinson-Shiffrin

The middle level is called _______ processing. (Semantic, meaningful, symbolic characteristics are used.)

deep level

The ________ principle states that information present at the time of encoding or learning can impact retrieval.

encoding specificity

Information about the where and when of life's happenings, our personal experiences, is a form of declarative memory called ________ memory. Ex: Remembering your first kiss, or a car accident you were in. It's personal.

episodic

The conscious recollection of memory, where information can be described verbally is called _______ memory.

explicit (declarative)

______ theory explains forgetting due to the passage of time and the disintegration of the neurochemical "memory trace."

Decay

We use ______ to expand the extensiveness of processing for memory- making information more meaningful by tying it to already known information or using examples: ________(Ex: Nagging is an example of negative reinforcement. It makes it easier to remember what negative reinforcement is.)

Elaboration

Getting information into memory is called:

Encoding

_____ failure is forgetting because the information was never entered into long term memory.

Encoding

______ memories are emotionally significant events that tend to lead to more accurate and vivid memories. (Ex: The memories of 9/11 are very powerful and clear for many people)

Flash bulb

______ is the use of "pictures" or "visual codes" to help you remember things.

Imagery

Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without that experience being consciously recollected is called:

Implicit (nondeclarative)

_____ theory explains that memory loss is not due to loss of storage but is due to other information getting in the way of what we want to remember.

Interference

____ is defined as the retention of information over time through the process of encoding, storing and retrieving

Memory

Most people can hold about 7+/-2 digits in short term memory. This is called:

Memory span

Another technique that is used to keep information in short term memory is the mental repetition of information called:

Rehearsal

Taking information out of memory is called:

Retrieving

A preexisting mental concept or framework that helps people organize and interpret information is called a:

Schema

A person's knowledge about the world, like specific facts and general knowledge, is a form of declarative memory called: ________ Ex: You know who the first president of the U.S. was.

Semantic

The _______ describes the fact that when things are listed, the first items and last items are the easiest to remember, while the things in the middle are the hardest to remember.

Serial position effect

Retaining information in memory is called:

Storing

The relatively permanent, unlimited memory store is called _______ memory.

long term

When you attempt to pull the correct information from memory (example: a fill in the blank or essay test) you are attempting to answer a _______ task.

recall

When you are asked to identify the correct information from a selection of choices (example: multiple choice test) you are attempting to answer a ________ task. (tends to be easier)

recognition

In _____ interference, material that was learned later disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned earlier.

retroactive

In ____ amnesia, memory loss for a segment of the past occurs but new memories can still be formed.

retrograde

Information is stored for a fraction of a second up to several seconds in ______ memory.

sensory

The weakest memory would come from _______ processing. (Physical & Perceptual features are analyzed)

shallow level

Information is retained for up to about 30 seconds in ______ memory.

short term

When you know you have something stored in memory but you can't quite pull it up you are experiencing the _______ phenomenon:

tip of the tongue

______ is the theory that memory is not stored in a specific place in the brain but is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons.

Connectionism

Grouping or packing information to expand the limited capacity of short term memory is called:

Chunking

In _____ amnesia, there is disruption in the ability to form new memories.

anterograde

In ______ interference, material that was learned earlier disrupts the recall of material learned later.

proactive