Chapter 7: Muscular System

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Muscle spasm

A involuntary contraction of the muscle

Muscle strain

A tear in the muscle

Muscle fatigue

Caused by an accumulation of lactic acid, waste product of muscle metabolism

Sphincter muscle

Circular open and close allow the passage of substance

Rectus abdominus

Compresses the abdominal cavity

Dystonia

Condition characterized by involuntary muscle contraction that causes repetitive movement or abnormal posture

Cardiac muscle

Contains membranes fused at places called intercalated disks

Characteristics of muscles are

Contractility- ability of the muscle to shorten, which reduces distance b/t parts of its content Excitability- characteristic shared w/ nerve cells; ability to respond to stimuli Extensibility- ability of muscles to be stretched Elasticity- ability of a muscle to return to its original length after stretching

Frontalis

Controls facial expressions

Masseter

Controls mastication (chewing and eating)

Prime mover

Creates movement in a single direction

What Sources of energy are needed for muscle contraction?

Glucose, oxygen, ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Cardiac muscle cells located

Heart

Diaphrgragm

Helps in breathing

Exercise

Improves muscle strength and efficiency and circulation Injury- extensive you'll build scar tissue

Tetanus (lockjaw)

Infectious disease characterized by continuous spams of voluntary muscles

Shin splints

Injury to the muscle tendon in front of tibia

Motor unit

Is a motor neuron (nerve cell) plus all of the muscle fibers it stimulates

Effects Aging has on the muscle

Loss of strength, energy, or fatigue

ATP

Major source of energy and breaks down lactic acid

Massage

Massage therapy provides relaxation of the muscles

Intramuscular injections

May be given in deltoid, dorsal gluteal, vastus lateralis

Tibialis anterior

Moves the ankle

Peroneus longus

Moves the ankle, foot, and toes

Biceps

Moves the arm

Sternocleidomastoid

Moves the head

Sartorius

Moves the lower leg

Deltoid

Moves the shoulder

Gluteus maximus

Moves the upper leg

Flexor capri

Moves the wrist, hand, and fingers

Muscle tone

Muscle are always in a state of slight contraction and ready to pull

Skeletal muscle cells located

Muscle fibers

Hypertrophy

Muscle fibers increase in size from overuse

Smooth muscle

Muscle has ability to cause the diameter of blood vessels to decrease on contraction

Myalgia

Muscle pain. Fibromyalgia is collection of symptoms

Antagonist

Muscle pulls from opposite direction (triceps and biceps)

Atrophy

Muscles shrink from disuse

Muscle atrophy

Muscles shrink in size due to insufficient usage

Smooth (visceral) muscle

No striated, has one nucleus, and is involuntary (cannot move it)

Your two unpaired muscles are

Orbicularis Oris and diaphragm

Hernia

Organ protrusion comes through the muscle Abdominal, hiatal, inguinal

Origin

Part of the muscle attached to a fixed point on the bones; the least movable during a contraction

Insertion

Part of the muscle attached to the movable part of the bone; it's most movable during a contraction

Electrical stimulation

Passes electrical currents through the body

Gastrocnemius

Points toes and flexes the lower leg

Lactic acid

Product of muscle contraction that is changed back to glucose

Functions of the muscular system

Responsible for all body movement Giving the body form and shape Producing most of the bodys heat

Synergist

Steady movement

Cardiac muscle

Striated and branched, found only in the heart

Skeletal muscle

Striped or striated, attached to the bones of the skeleton, and voluntary (you can move it)

Muscles only pull; never push

True

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

True

The external oblique flexes the spinal column and compresses the abdominal cavity

True

The intercostals are found b/t ribs and help us breathe

True

There are 327 muscles that are antagonist

True

There are 656 muscles in your body

True

To much lactic acid in the blood will cause the muscles to cramp and fatigue

True

Involuntary or smooth muscle cells located

Walls of the internal organs


Ensembles d'études connexes

Pharm Exam 1 Study Guide Ch. 8, 14, 16, 17

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Adolescent Psychology Final (cumulative)

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