Chapter 7 Objectives Notes Oceanus

Explain the process of evisceration in sea cucumbers.

Adhesive use for defense in sea cucumbers, prevents them from being taken

List 3 advantages of having an internal body cavity.

All organs are contained. The organs are protected from damage, the organs are allowed to freely grow within the body.

List four groups of coelenterates.

Anthozoans Cubozoans Hydrozoans Scyphozoans

Identify the following anatomical parts of a decapod: pereopods, maxillipeds, carapace, cephalothorax, abdomen, uropods, swimmerets, chelipeds.

Apendeges of thorax

What is the difference between arms and tentacles in cephalopods?

Arms have suckers the entire length, whereas tentacles only have them on the tip of the limb.

List a major advantage of the advent of bilateral symmetry.

Balanced sight and hearing on both sides of the body.

Define the terms: bilateral symmetry, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, cephalization.

Bilateral symmetry - symmetrical halves Dorsal - top side Ventral - bottom side Anterior - front side Posterior - Back side

List four characteristics of organisms in the phylum Chordata.

Birds, Turtles, Spiders, and Beetles are examples of four Chordatas

Define the following anatomical parts of a horseshoe crab: chelicerae, carapace, telson, cephalothorax, abdomen, walking legs.

Carapace hard exoskeleton shell Chelicerae a pair of appendages in front of the mouth Telson the most posterior segment of the body.

Describe the cephalopod circulatory system.

Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system with two gill hearts

Recognize the three groups of mollusks: gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods. List two examples of each.

Cephalopods- Octopus and Cuttlefish Gastropods - Apple snails and moon snails Bivalves - Mussels and Scallops

Contrast these two groups of arthropods: Chelicerates vs. Mandibulates.

Chelicerates have chelicerae near the front of their mouth, but lack mouth related body parts for chewing purposes. Mandibulated have Mandibules that are used for chewing.

Describe the structure of coelenterates. What phylum do they belong to?

Cnidarians and they are mediumly heighted cylinders stuck to the sea floor.

Contrast acoelomates, pseudocoelomates, and coelomates and identify what animal phyla fit into each of these 3 categories.

Coelomates have a hydrostatic skeleton,roundworms Acoelomates lack a coelom, flatworms Pseudocoelomates have a body cavity,roundworms

Explain what it means to say that most sponges are "hermaphrodites."

Different Male and Female organs

Contrast the following types of sponges: encrusting, boring, coralline.

Encrusting grows on almost all types of rocks Boring creates holes in limestone only Coralline represents like coral and is bigger than the others

List the three principle embryonic germ layers and what they develop into.

Endoderm the inner layer the ectoderm the outer layer and the mesoderm the center layer

List the two layers of cells in coelenterates. What is located between these layers?

Epidermis and the gastrodermis the Mesoglea is inbetween.

What prevents arthropods from growing too large?

Exoskeleton

Define the terms: sessile, filter feeder.

Filter feeder filters in any type of water and takes the nutrients that it wants out of the water, and then shoots the purified water out and a Sessile is an organism that does not move.

Describe the structure of flatworms. What phylum do they belong to?

Flatworms are thin flat looking worms. They belong to the phylum Platyhelminthes.

What is a planula larva?

Freely swimming Cnidarian larvae

List and describe the three groups of coelenterates. List a representative animal within each.

Hydrozoa jellyfish like creatures that are less coherently shaped, Craspedacusta Scyphozoa, jellyfish that are coherently shaped medusas, Lion's mane jellyfish Anthozoa attached to rocks, sea anemones

Contrast an open vs. closed circulatory system.

In open blood flows freely rather than in closed blood flows in veins

Which group of arthropods dominates on land? Which dominates in marine environments?

Insects dominate the land and Crustaceans dominate the marine habitats

Explain what the funnel is in cephalopods.

It connects the Mantle to the Hyponome, it is a locking apperatus.

Recognize the following characteristics of arthropods: jointed appendages, chitinous exoskeleton, molting.

Molting losing its old skin or shell, and developing a new one, similar to that of snakes. Chitinous exoskeleton Rough and protective exoskeleton Jointed appendages meaning that the limbs attached to it are jointed

What are corals?

Packed filter feeding organisms found in tropical climates.

Describe the structure of comb jellies. What phylum do they belong to?

Phylum Ctenophora, and these jellies are structured as blobs, and are not necessarily a coherent shape.

List and contrast the two body shapes of coelenterates.

Polyp form, meaning that it is attached to the surface of a rock and is stuck there indefinitely. The other form is medusa and is a jellyfish form

Describe the general structure of mollusks, including the following terms: head, foot, mantle, radula. What is secreted by the mantle?

Radula Essentially like the tongue of a human being. The mantle secrets the visceral mass. Head contains the sense organs like the brain. Foot provides the mollusc with locomotion. Mantle main part of body that covers the visceral mass.

List two classes of chelicerates and representatives of each.

Remipedia Godzillognomus schrami Arachnid spiders

Describe the structure of ribbon worms. What phylum do they belong to?

Ribbon worms are thin and small worm shaped worms. The Lophotrochozoa phylum.

Describe the structure of roundworms. What phylum do they belong to?

Roundworms are very small and thin nematoda phylum

Describe the structure of members of the subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets).

Small, fishlike marine invertebrates

Describe the structure of sponges. What phylum do they belong to?

Sponges are multicellular animals but lack true tissue and belongs to the Porifera phylum.

Contrast squids and octopuses in terms of arms and tentacles.

Squids have 10 arms and 2 tentacles, where Octopus have 8 arms.

Describe how sea stars ("starfish") feed.

Starfish feed with their mouth/ lower middle part of their body

List three examples of flatworms.

Tapeworms Polycladida Turbellaria

Explain what the following coelenterate structures are: tentacles, cnidocytes, nematocysts.

Tentacles thin cylinders that hang Cnidocytes the stinging and toxic harpoons that shoot out on touch Nematocysts Barbed or coiled threads that project themselves

Explain what the following stages of embryonic development refer to: morula, blastula, gastrula.

The Morula is a sixteen celled stage, it then undergoes splitting and becomes the Blastula The Blastula is a 128 celled stage, which then becomes the Gastrula, which has three germ layer cells that form an embryo

List the functions of the following parts of a sponge: porocyte, choanocyte, osculum, spicule, spongin, wandering cell.

The Spicule provides structural support. The Spongin gives the sponge it's flexibility. The Wandering cell discharges feeding matter into the gut. The porocytes are pores in the sponge, and they allow water to travel. The Choanocyte filters particles out of the water with their flagella. The Osculum lets out the water after the nutrients have been extracted.

Contrast protostome and deuterostome animals.

The blastophore in the Protostome is a mouth, whereas the blastophore in the deuterostome is an anus.

Recognize and explain the following characteristics associated with coelenterates: tissues, radial symmetry, gut cavity with one opening, nerve net.

Tissues organize the body together to make it one coherent mass Radial symmetry these organisms are round, and are symmetrical Gut Cavity with one opening travels in one way, and food out the same way Nerve net nervous system that allows for sense of location, and locomotion.

Describe the structure of members of the subphylum Urochordata. Why are they also called tunicates? Why are they also called sea squirts?

Tunicate, any member of the subphylum Tunicata (Urochordata) of the phylum Chordata

Describe the structure of segmented worms. What phylum do they belong to?

Two openings with many different body segment

Recognize the following characteristics associated with flatworms: CNS that coordinates muscle movement, tissues organized into organs, three embryonic germ layers, gut with one opening, no circulatory system.

Various movement related functions

Contrast the two major groups into which animals are divided. Which predominates?

Vertebrate backbone and Invertebrates no backbone. Invertebrate predominates

Recognize polychaetes as the largest group of marine annelids. Describe their structure.

Worms with two openings that consist of many bristles.

Recognize arthropods as the largest phylum of animals

arthropods as the largest phylum of animals

Recognize the following characteristics associated with ribbon worms: complete gut, circulatory system, proboscis.

complete gut, circulatory system, proboscis.

Recognize the following organisms as crustaceans: copepods, barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, crabs.

copepods, barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, crabs.

What is a hydrostatic skeleton?

core of liquid surrounded by a tension-resistant sheath containing muscles

What are "decapods"?

examples are crab , shrimp, or lobster

Recognize the following characteristics of cephalopods: highly developed nervous system, large eyes, intelligence, able to change color patterns to communicate.

highly developed nervous system, large eyes, intelligence, able to change color patterns to communicate.

Recognize the following characteristics of echinoderms: pentamerous radial symmetry, deuterostomes, water vascular system, tube feet, ampullae, madreporite.

pentamerous radial symmetry, deuterostomes, water vascular system, tube feet, ampullae, madreporite.

Recognize the following as echinoderms: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers.

sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers.

Be able to recognize which animal phyla possess the following characteristics: tissues, organs, bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry, a pseudocoelom, a coelom, protostomes, deuterostomes.

tissues, organs, bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry, a pseudocoelom, a coelom, protostomes, deuterostomes.

List the three subphyla of chordates

vertebrata cephalochordata chordata